PostgreSQL 数据库 ORDBMS / OODBMS 等特有属性
对象相关数据库管理系统(ORDBMS Object – Oriented Relative DBMS)
+-----------+ | city | |-----------| |id | <---+ |name | | |description| 1:n |status | | |parent_id | o---+ +-----------+
例 4.2. 递归查询实例 city 表
定义结构
CREATE TABLE city
(
id serial NOT NULL,
name character varying,
parent_id integer,
status boolean,
CONSTRAINT city_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id),
CONSTRAINT city_parent_id_fkey FOREIGN KEY (parent_id)
REFERENCES city (id) MATCH SIMPLE
ON UPDATE NO ACTION ON DELETE NO ACTION
)
WITH (
OIDS=FALSE
);
ALTER TABLE city
OWNER TO sys;
插入数据
INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (1, '广东', NULL, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (2, '湖南', NULL, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (3, '深圳', 1, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (4, '东莞', 1, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (5, '福田', 3, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (6, '南山', 3, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (7, '宝安', 3, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (8, '西乡', 7, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (9, '福永', 7, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (10, '龙华', 7, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (11, '长沙', 2, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (12, '湘潭', 2, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (13, '常德', 2, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (14, '桃源', 13, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (15, '汉寿', 13, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (16, '黑龙江', NULL, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (17, '伊春', 16, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (18, '哈尔滨', 16, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (19, '齐齐哈尔', 16, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (20, '牡丹江', 16, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (21, '佳木斯', 16, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (22, '民治', 10, NULL); INSERT INTO city (id, name, parent_id, status) VALUES (23, '上塘', 10, NULL);
查询
WITH RECURSIVE path(id, name, path, idpath, parent_id, status) AS (
SELECT id, name, '/' || name , '/' || id , parent_id, status FROM city WHERE parent_id is null
UNION
SELECT
city.id,
city.name,
parentpath.path ||
CASE parentpath.path
WHEN '/' THEN ''
ELSE '/'
END || city.name,
parentpath.idpath ||
CASE parentpath.idpath
WHEN '/' THEN ''
ELSE '/'
END || city.id,
city.parent_id, city.status
FROM city, path as parentpath
WHERE city.parent_id = parentpath.id
)
SELECT * FROM path;
结果输出
id | name | path | idpath | parent_id | status ----+----------+---------------------------+--------------+-----------+-------- 1 | 广东 | /广东 | /1 | | 2 | 湖南 | /湖南 | /2 | | 16 | 黑龙江 | /黑龙江 | /16 | | 3 | 深圳 | /广东/深圳 | /1/3 | 1 | 4 | 东莞 | /广东/东莞 | /1/4 | 1 | 11 | 长沙 | /湖南/长沙 | /2/11 | 2 | 12 | 湘潭 | /湖南/湘潭 | /2/12 | 2 | 13 | 常德 | /湖南/常德 | /2/13 | 2 | 17 | 伊春 | /黑龙江/伊春 | /16/17 | 16 | 18 | 哈尔滨 | /黑龙江/哈尔滨 | /16/18 | 16 | 19 | 齐齐哈尔 | /黑龙江/齐齐哈尔 | /16/19 | 16 | 20 | 牡丹江 | /黑龙江/牡丹江 | /16/20 | 16 | 21 | 佳木斯 | /黑龙江/佳木斯 | /16/21 | 16 | 5 | 福田 | /广东/深圳/福田 | /1/3/5 | 3 | 6 | 南山 | /广东/深圳/南山 | /1/3/6 | 3 | 7 | 宝安 | /广东/深圳/宝安 | /1/3/7 | 3 | 14 | 桃源 | /湖南/常德/桃源 | /2/13/14 | 13 | 15 | 汉寿 | /湖南/常德/汉寿 | /2/13/15 | 13 | 8 | 西乡 | /广东/深圳/宝安/西乡 | /1/3/7/8 | 7 | 9 | 福永 | /广东/深圳/宝安/福永 | /1/3/7/9 | 7 | 10 | 龙华 | /广东/深圳/宝安/龙华 | /1/3/7/10 | 7 | 22 | 民治 | /广东/深圳/宝安/龙华/民治 | /1/3/7/10/22 | 10 | 23 | 上塘 | /广东/深圳/宝安/龙华/上塘 | /1/3/7/10/23 | 10 | (23 rows)
例 4.3. 话题讨论表的设计
http://justcramer.com/2010/05/30/scaling-threaded-comments-on-django-at-disqus/
create table comments (
id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
message VARCHAR,
author VARCHAR,
parent_id INTEGER REFERENCES comments(id)
);
insert into comments (message, author, parent_id)
values ('This thread is really cool!', 'David', NULL), ('Ya David, we love it!', 'Jason', 1), ('I agree David!', 'Daniel', 1), ('gift Jason', 'Anton', 2),
('Very interesting post!', 'thedz', NULL), ('You sir, are wrong', 'Chris', 5), ('Agreed', 'G', 5), ('Fo sho, Yall', 'Mac', 5);
WITH RECURSIVE cte (id, message, author, path, parent_id, depth) AS (
SELECT id,
message,
author,
array[id] AS path,
parent_id,
1 AS depth
FROM comments
WHERE parent_id IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT comments.id,
comments.message,
comments.author,
cte.path || comments.id,
comments.parent_id,
cte.depth + 1 AS depth
FROM comments
JOIN cte ON comments.parent_id = cte.id
)
SELECT id, message, author, path, depth FROM cte ORDER BY path;
输出结果
id | message | author | path | depth
----+-----------------------------+--------+---------+-------
1 | This thread is really cool! | David | {1} | 1
2 | Ya David, we love it! | Jason | {1,2} | 2
4 | gift Jason | Anton | {1,2,4} | 3
3 | I agree David! | Daniel | {1,3} | 2
5 | Very interesting post! | thedz | {5} | 1
6 | You sir, are wrong | Chris | {5,6} | 2
7 | Agreed | G | {5,7} | 2
8 | Fo sho, Yall | Mac | {5,8} | 2
(8 rows)
此表适用于购物车等金钱来往账面等等。
-- Table: account
-- DROP TABLE account;
CREATE TABLE account
(
id integer NOT NULL DEFAULT nextval('trade_id_seq'::regclass),
no character varying(10) NOT NULL, -- 账号
balance money NOT NULL DEFAULT 0.00, -- 余额
datetime timestamp without time zone NOT NULL DEFAULT (now())::timestamp(0) without time zone,
CONSTRAINT account_pkey PRIMARY KEY (id)
)
WITH (
OIDS=FALSE
);
ALTER TABLE account
OWNER TO dba;
COMMENT ON COLUMN account.no IS '账号';
COMMENT ON COLUMN account.balance IS '余额';
-- Index: account_no_idx
-- DROP INDEX account_no_idx;
CREATE INDEX account_no_idx
ON account
USING btree
(no COLLATE pg_catalog."default");
账户结余计算
select acc.*, (select sum(balance)+acc.balance from account as ac where ac.id < acc.id) as profit from account as acc; test=# select acc.*, (select sum(balance)+acc.balance from account as ac where ac.id < acc.id) as profit from account as acc; id | no | balance | datetime | profit ----+------+----------+---------------------+--------- 1 | 1000 | $0.00 | 2013-10-09 10:51:10 | 2 | 1000 | $12.60 | 2013-10-09 10:51:22 | $12.60 4 | 1000 | $16.80 | 2013-10-09 10:51:42 | $29.40 5 | 1000 | $100.00 | 2013-10-09 10:51:49 | $129.40 6 | 1000 | $200.00 | 2013-10-09 10:56:35 | $329.40 7 | 1000 | $50.45 | 2013-10-09 10:57:23 | $379.85 8 | 1000 | $75.50 | 2013-10-09 10:57:31 | $455.35 9 | 1000 | -$55.30 | 2013-10-09 10:59:28 | $400.05 10 | 1000 | -$200.00 | 2013-10-09 10:59:44 | $200.05 (9 rows)
原文出处：Netkiller 系列 手札
本文作者：陈景峯
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