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- There are three phases to an index build.
- In the first phase, the clustered index is scanned, and index entries are generated and added to the sort buffer. When the sort buffer becomes full, entries are sorted and written out to a temporary intermediate file. This process is also known as a “run”.
- In the second phase, with one or more runs written to the temporary intermediate file, a merge sort is performed on all entries in the file.
- In the third and final phase, the sorted entries are inserted into the B-tree.
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- When running an online DDL operation, the thread that runs the ALTER TABLE statement applies an “online log” of DML operations that were run concurrently on the same table from other connection threads. When the DML operations are applied, it is possible to encounter a duplicate key entry error (ERROR 1062 (23000): Duplicate entry), even if the duplicate entry is only temporary and would be reverted by a later entry in the “online log”. This is similar to the idea of a foreign key constraint check in InnoDB in which constraints must hold during a transaction.
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- Semisynchronous Replication
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- The slave acknowledges receipt of a transaction's events only after the events have been written to its relay log and flushed to disk.
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