前言感想：一时兴起，突然想写一个关于MS SQL的巡检系列方面的文章，因为我觉得这方面的知识分享是有价值，也是非常有意义的。一方面，很多经验不足的人，对于巡检有点茫然，不知道要从哪些方面巡检，另外一方面，网上关于MS SQL巡检方面的资料好像也不是特别多。写这个系列只是一个分享，自己的初衷是一个知识梳理、总结提炼过程，有些知识和脚本也不是原创，文章很多地方融入了自己的一些想法和见解的，不足和肤浅之处肯定也非常多，抛砖引玉，也希望大家提意见和建议、补充，指正其中的不足之处。Stay Hungry Stay Foolish！
MS SQL巡检系列——检查数据库上一次DBCC CHECKDB的时间
对于绝大部分情况，外键字段都有必要建立对应的索引（注意，外键约束并不会自动建立索引），关于外键字段为什么要建立索引？下面从几个简单的例子来分析一下。我们先准备测试环境数据。
CREATE TABLE PRIMARY_TB
(
PRODUCT_CD VARCHAR(12) ,
PRODUCT_DATE DATE ,
PRODUCT_DESC VARCHAR(120) ,
CONSTRAINT PK_PRIMARY_TB PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (PRODUCT_CD)
);
SET NOCOUNT ON;
GO
DECLARE @Index INT=1;
BEGIN TRAN
WHILE @Index <= 3000
BEGIN
INSERT INTO dbo.PRIMARY_TB
SELECT 'Prd' + CAST(@Index AS VARCHAR(4)), GETDATE() - CEILING(RAND()*200), 'production description' + CAST(@Index AS VARCHAR(4));
SET @Index +=1;
END
COMMIT;
CREATE TABLE FK_TB
(
FK_ID INT IDENTITY(1,1),
SALES_REGION VARCHAR(32),
SALES_CITY VARCHAR(32),
PRODUCT_CD VARCHAR(12),
SALIES_SUM INT,
CONSTRAINT PK_FK_TB PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED (FK_ID)
)
GO
ALTER TABLE [dbo].[FK_TB] WITH CHECK ADD CONSTRAINT [FK_PRIMARY_TB_PRODUCT_CD] FOREIGN KEY([PRODUCT_CD])
REFERENCES [dbo].[PRIMARY_TB] ([PRODUCT_CD]) ON DELETE CASCADE;
GO
SET NOCOUNT ON;
GO
DECLARE @Index INT=1;
BEGIN TRAN
WHILE @Index <=1000000
BEGIN
INSERT INTO FK_TB
SELECT 'REGION'+CAST(CEILING(RAND()*20) AS VARCHAR(2)), CAST(CEILING(RAND()*300) AS VARCHAR(3)),'Prd'+ CAST(CEILING(RAND()*3000) AS VARCHAR(8)),CEILING(RAND()*100000);
SET @Index +=1;
END
COMMIT;
UPDATE STATISTICS dbo.PRIMARY_TB WITH FULLSCAN;
UPDATE STATISTICS dbo.FK_TB WITH FULLSCAN;
GO
1： 外键字段建立索引，在主表与子表JOIN操作时能提高性能，减少IO操作。
DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS;
GO
DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;
GO
SET STATISTICS IO ON;
SET STATISTICS TIME ON;
SELECT p.PRODUCT_CD ,
p.PRODUCT_DATE ,
f.SALES_REGION ,
f.SALES_CITY ,
f.SALIES_SUM
FROM dbo.PRIMARY_TB p
INNER JOIN dbo.FK_TB f ON p.PRODUCT_CD = f.PRODUCT_CD
WHERE p.PRODUCT_CD ='Prd131';
SET STATISTICS IO OFF;
SET STATISTICS TIME OFF;
如下截图所示，如果外键字段缺少索引，这两个表关联查询时，子表就会走扫描（此处测试是聚集索引扫描），如果子表非常大（例如此处案例所示），IO开销就比较大。
我们对外键约束字段PRODUCT_CD建立下面非聚集索引IDX_FK_TB，然后对比两者的执行计划和IO开销
CREATE INDEX IDX_FK_TB ON dbo.FK_TB(PRODUCT_CD);
DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS;
GO
DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;
GO
SET STATISTICS IO ON;
SET STATISTICS TIME ON;
SELECT p.PRODUCT_CD ,
p.PRODUCT_DATE ,
f.SALES_REGION ,
f.SALES_CITY ,
f.SALIES_SUM
FROM dbo.PRIMARY_TB p
INNER JOIN dbo.FK_TB f ON p.PRODUCT_CD = f.PRODUCT_CD
WHERE p.PRODUCT_CD ='Prd131'
SET STATISTICS IO OFF;
SET STATISTICS TIME OFF;
你会发现执行计划从原来的聚集索引扫描（Clustered Index Scan）变成了索引查找（Index Seek），IO的减少也是非常明显的。因为这里仅仅是测试数据，复杂的生产环境，性能的提升有可能比这更加明显。
2：如果外键约束为CASCADE（on update/delete）时，则当修改被引用行（referenced row）时，所有引用行（referencing rows ）也必须修改（更新或级联删除）。外键列上的索引能减小锁的粒度和范围，从而提高效率和性能。如下所示：
我们先看看缺少索引的情况。
DROP INDEX IDX_FK_TB ON dbo.FK_TB;
DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS;
GO
DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;
GO
SET STATISTICS IO ON;
SET STATISTICS TIME ON;
DELETE FROM dbo.PRIMARY_TB WHERE PRODUCT_CD IN ('Prd132','Prd133')
GO
SET STATISTICS IO OFF;
SET STATISTICS TIME OFF;
CREATE INDEX IDX_FK_TB ON dbo.FK_TB(PRODUCT_CD);
GO
DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS;
GO
DBCC FREEPROCCACHE;
GO
SET STATISTICS IO ON;
SET STATISTICS TIME ON;
DELETE FROM dbo.PRIMARY_TB WHERE PRODUCT_CD IN ('Prd134','Prd135')
GO
SET STATISTICS IO OFF;
SET STATISTICS TIME OFF;
3：如果外键关系为NO ACTION（on update/delete）时，那么被引用的行不能被删除，因为这个操作会导致引用行变成“孤立”。删除之前，数据库会为了有效地查找、定位行，外键列上创建索引也非常有帮助。
上面肤浅的构造了简单案例，并对比外键约束字段拥有索引和缺少索引时，SQL的执行计划和IO的差异，那么接下来，我们进入正题，巡检的时候，我们必须通过脚本找到数据库里面外键字段没有索引的相关表和信息，并生成对应的创建索引的脚本。如下所示。
/*
One or more tables found, with foreign key constraint defined but no supporting indexes created on the foreign key columns.
SQL Server doesnt put an index on foreign key columns by default and indexing foreign key fields in referencing tables is not required.
Foreign key columns usage must evaluated to determine whether or not indexing this column will help up increase the current
workloads performance by enhancing join performance, reducing table locking (for full table scans) while cascading updates and
deletes, etc.
*/
;
WITH FKTable
AS ( SELECT SCHEMA_NAME(po.schema_id) AS 'parent_schema_name' ,
OBJECT_NAME(fkc.parent_object_id) AS 'parent_table_name' ,
OBJECT_NAME(constraint_object_id) AS 'constraint_name' ,
SCHEMA_NAME(ro.schema_id) AS 'referenced_schema' ,
OBJECT_NAME(referenced_object_id) AS 'referenced_table_name' ,
( SELECT '[' + COL_NAME(k.parent_object_id,
parent_column_id) + ']' AS [data()]
FROM sys.foreign_key_columns (NOLOCK) AS k
INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys (NOLOCK) ON k.constraint_object_id = object_id
AND k.constraint_object_id = fkc.constraint_object_id
ORDER BY constraint_column_id
FOR
XML PATH('')
) AS 'parent_colums' ,
( SELECT '[' + COL_NAME(k.referenced_object_id,
referenced_column_id) + ']' AS [data()]
FROM sys.foreign_key_columns (NOLOCK) AS k
INNER JOIN sys.foreign_keys (NOLOCK) ON k.constraint_object_id = object_id
AND k.constraint_object_id = fkc.constraint_object_id
ORDER BY constraint_column_id
FOR
XML PATH('')
) AS 'referenced_columns'
FROM sys.foreign_key_columns fkc ( NOLOCK )
INNER JOIN sys.objects po ( NOLOCK ) ON fkc.parent_object_id = po.object_id
INNER JOIN sys.objects ro ( NOLOCK ) ON fkc.referenced_object_id = ro.object_id
WHERE po.type = 'U'
AND ro.type = 'U'
GROUP BY po.schema_id ,
ro.schema_id ,
fkc.parent_object_id ,
constraint_object_id ,
referenced_object_id
),
/* Index Columns */
IndexColumnsTable
AS ( SELECT SCHEMA_NAME(o.schema_id) AS 'schema_name' ,
OBJECT_NAME(o.object_id) AS TableName ,
( SELECT CASE key_ordinal
WHEN 0 THEN NULL
ELSE '[' + COL_NAME(k.object_id,
column_id) + ']'
END AS [data()]
FROM sys.index_columns (NOLOCK) AS k
WHERE k.object_id = i.object_id
AND k.index_id = i.index_id
ORDER BY key_ordinal ,
column_id
FOR
XML PATH('')
) AS cols
FROM sys.indexes (NOLOCK) AS i
INNER JOIN sys.objects o ( NOLOCK ) ON i.object_id = o.object_id
INNER JOIN sys.index_columns ic ( NOLOCK ) ON ic.object_id = i.object_id
AND ic.index_id = i.index_id
INNER JOIN sys.columns c ( NOLOCK ) ON c.object_id = ic.object_id
AND c.column_id = ic.column_id
WHERE o.type = 'U'
AND i.index_id > 0
GROUP BY o.schema_id ,
o.object_id ,
i.object_id ,
i.name ,
i.index_id ,
i.type
),
FKWithoutIndexTable
AS ( SELECT fk.parent_schema_name AS SchemaName ,
fk.parent_table_name AS TableName ,
fk.referenced_schema AS ReferencedSchemaName ,
fk.referenced_table_name AS ReferencedTableName ,
fk.constraint_name AS ConstraintName ,
fk.referenced_columns AS Referenced_Columns ,
fk.parent_colums AS Parent_Columns
FROM FKTable fk
WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT 1
FROM IndexColumnsTable ict
WHERE fk.parent_schema_name = ict.schema_name
AND fk.parent_table_name = ict.TableName
AND fk.parent_colums = LEFT(ict.cols,
LEN(fk.parent_colums)) )
)
SELECT @@SERVERNAME AS InstanceName ,
DB_NAME() AS DatabaseName ,
SchemaName ,
TableName ,
Parent_Columns ,
ReferencedSchemaName ,
ReferencedTableName ,
Referenced_Columns ,
ConstraintName
INTO #ForeignKeyWithOutIndex
FROM FKWithoutIndexTable
ORDER BY DatabaseName ,
SchemaName ,
TableName;
--输出临时表数据
SELECT *
FROM #ForeignKeyWithOutIndex;
--生成外键字段缺少的索引，请抽查、检验，确认后批量执行
SELECT 'CREATE INDEX IX_' + LTRIM(RTRIM(TableName)) + '_'
+ SUBSTRING(Parent_Columns, 2, LEN(Parent_Columns) - 2) + ' ON '
+ LTRIM(RTRIM(SchemaName)) + '.' + LTRIM(RTRIM(TableName)) + '('
+ Parent_Columns + ');'
FROM #ForeignKeyWithOutIndex;
--删除临时表
DROP TABLE #ForeignKeyWithOutIndex;
在创建这些索引前最好检查、确认一下，外键字段创建索引能提高性能，但是肯定也要特殊的场景和上下文不适合，所以最好根据实际情况决定。索引创建之后，通过监控工具监控一下数据库性能、等待事件的变化。
参考资料：
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/3650690/should-every-sql-server-foreign-key-have-a-matching-index
