Oracle官方并发教程之锁对象

原文地址，译文地址，译者：李任，校对：郑旭东

同步代码依赖于一种简单的可重入锁。这种锁使用简单，但也有诸多限制。java.util.concurrent.locks包提供了更复杂的锁。我们不会详细考察这个包，但会重点关注其最基本的接口，锁。

锁对象作用非常类似同步代码使用的隐式锁。如同隐式锁，每次只有一个线程可以获得锁对象。通过关联Condition对象，锁对象也支持wait/notify机制。

锁对象之于隐式锁最大的优势在于，它们有能力收回获得锁的尝试。如果当前锁对象不可用，或者锁请求超时（如果超时时间已指定），tryLock方法会收回获取锁的请求。如果在锁获取前，另一个线程发送了一个中断，lockInterruptibly方法也会收回获取锁的请求。

让我们使用锁对象来解决我们在活跃度中见到的死锁问题。Alphonse和Gaston已经把自己训练成能注意到朋友何时要鞠躬。我们通过要求Friend对象在双方鞠躬前必须先获得锁来模拟这次改善。下面是改善后模型的源代码，Safelock。为了展示其用途广泛，我们假设Alphonse和Gaston对于他们新发现的稳定鞠躬的能力是如此入迷，以至于他们无法不相互鞠躬。

import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
import java.util.Random;

public class Safelock {
    static class Friend {
        private final String name;
        private final Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();

        public Friend(String name) {
            this.name = name;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return this.name;
        }

        public boolean impendingBow(Friend bower) {
            Boolean myLock = false;
            Boolean yourLock = false;
            try {
                myLock = lock.tryLock();
                yourLock = bower.lock.tryLock();
            } finally {
                if (! (myLock && yourLock)) {
                    if (myLock) {
                        lock.unlock();
                    }
                    if (yourLock) {
                        bower.lock.unlock();
                    }
                }
            }
            return myLock && yourLock;
        }

        public void bow(Friend bower) {
            if (impendingBow(bower)) {
                try {
                    System.out.format("%s: %s has"
                        + " bowed to me!%n", 
                        this.name, bower.getName());
                    bower.bowBack(this);
                } finally {
                    lock.unlock();
                    bower.lock.unlock();
                }
            } else {
                System.out.format("%s: %s started"
                    + " to bow to me, but saw that"
                    + " I was already bowing to"
                    + " him.%n",
                    this.name, bower.getName());
            }
        }

        public void bowBack(Friend bower) {
            System.out.format("%s: %s has" +
                " bowed back to me!%n",
                this.name, bower.getName());
        }
    }

    static class BowLoop implements Runnable {
        private Friend bower;
        private Friend bowee;

        public BowLoop(Friend bower, Friend bowee) {
            this.bower = bower;
            this.bowee = bowee;
        }

        public void run() {
            Random random = new Random();
            for (;;) {
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(random.nextInt(10));
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {}
                bowee.bow(bower);
            }
        }
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final Friend alphonse =
            new Friend("Alphonse");
        final Friend gaston =
            new Friend("Gaston");
        new Thread(new BowLoop(alphonse, gaston)).start();
        new Thread(new BowLoop(gaston, alphonse)).start();
    }
}