示例表： CREATE TABLE `employees` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(24) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '姓名', `age` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '年龄', `position` varchar(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '' COMMENT '职位', `hire_time` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP COMMENT '入职时间', PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `idx_name_age_position` (`name`,`age`,`position`) USING BTREE ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=4 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='员工记录表'; INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('LiLei',22,'manager',NOW()); INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('HanMeimei', 23,'dev',NOW()); INSERT INTO employees(name,age,position,hire_time) VALUES('Lucy',23,'dev',NOW());
一、全值匹配
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22;
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager';
二、最左前缀法则
如果索引了多列，要遵守最左前缀法则。指的是查询从索引的最左前列开始并且不跳过索引中的列。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'Bill' and age = 31; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE age = 30 AND position = 'dev'; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE position = 'manager';
三、不在索引列上做任何操作（计算、函数、（自动or手动）类型转换），会导致索引失效而转向全表扫描
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei'; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE left(name,3) = 'LiLei';
给hire_time增加一个普通索引：
ALTER TABLE `employees` ADD INDEX `idx_hire_time` (`hire_time`) USING BTREE ;
EXPLAIN select * from employees where date(hire_time) ='2018-09-30';
转化为日期范围查询，有可能会走索引：
EXPLAIN select * from employees where hire_time >='2018-09-30 00:00:00' and hire_time <='2018-09-30 23:59:59';
还原最初索引状态：
ALTER TABLE `employees` DROP INDEX `idx_hire_time`;
四、存储引擎不能使用索引中范围条件右边的列
也就是说，如果你在复合索引里使用了一个“范围条件”（>、<、BETWEEN、LIKE 'xx%' 以外的 LIKE），那么它右边的列（后面的列）就不能再用于索引查找。
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 22 AND position ='manager'; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age > 22 AND position ='manager';
五、尽量使用覆盖索引（只访问索引的查询（索引列包含查询列）），减少 select * 语句
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position ='manager';
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name= 'LiLei' AND age = 23 AND position ='manager';
六、mysql在使用不等于（！=或者<>），not in ，not exists 的时候无法使用索引会导致全表扫描
< 小于、 > 大于、 = 这些，mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name != 'LiLei';
七、is null、is not null 一般情况下也无法使用索引
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name is null
八、like以通配符开头（'$abc...'）mysql索引失效会变成全表扫描操作
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei'
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name like 'Lei%'
问题：解决like'%字符串%'索引不被使用的方法？
a）使用覆盖索引，查询字段必须是建立覆盖索引字段
EXPLAIN SELECT name,age,position FROM employees WHERE name like '%Lei%';
b）如果不能使用覆盖索引则可能需要借助搜索引擎
九、字符串不加单引号索引失效
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = '1000'; EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 1000;
十、少用or或in，用它查询时，mysql不一定使用索引，mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引，详见范围查询优化
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM employees WHERE name = 'LiLei' or name = 'HanMeimei';
十一、范围查询优化
给年龄添加单值索引。
ALTER TABLE `employees` ADD INDEX `idx_age` (`age`) USING BTREE ;
explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=2000;
没走索引原因：mysql内部优化器会根据检索比例、表大小等多个因素整体评估是否使用索引。比如这个例子，可能是由于单次数据量查询过大导致优化器最终选择不走索引
优化方法：可以将大的范围拆分成多个小范围
explain select * from employees where age >=1 and age <=1000; explain select * from employees where age >=1001 and age <=2000;
还原最初索引状态：
ALTER TABLE `employees` DROP INDEX `idx_age`;
十二、索引使用总结
