本文将详细介绍如何利用Python脚本登录到交换机并创建VLAN。
环境准备
硬件与软件要求
- 硬件要求:一台支持SSH的网络交换机
- 软件要求:
- Python 3.x
- 相关Python库:
paramiko
、netmiko
Python库安装
在开始编写脚本之前,需要安装必要的Python库。使用以下命令安装:
pip install paramiko netmiko
了解交换机的基本操作
在登录到交换机并创建VLAN之前,我们需要了解一些基本的交换机操作命令。这些命令通常通过SSH(Secure Shell)发送到交换机上执行。以下是一些常见的交换机命令:
- 登录交换机:通过SSH使用用户名和密码登录到交换机。
- 进入全局配置模式:
configure terminal
- 创建VLAN:
vlan <VLAN_ID>
- 命名VLAN:
name <VLAN_NAME>
- 保存配置:
write memory
或copy running-config startup-config
使用Python脚本登录交换机
使用Paramiko库登录交换机
paramiko
是一个用于实现SSH协议的Python库,可以用来远程连接交换机。以下是一个简单的示例,展示如何使用paramiko
登录到交换机:
import paramiko
def ssh_connect(hostname, username, password):
# 创建SSH客户端对象
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
# 自动添加主机密钥
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
# 连接到交换机
ssh.connect(hostname, username=username, password=password)
return ssh
# 示例用法
hostname = '192.168.1.1'
username = 'admin'
password = 'password'
ssh = ssh_connect(hostname, username, password)
print("成功登录到交换机")
使用Netmiko库登录交换机
netmiko
是基于paramiko
封装的一个库,专为网络设备自动化管理设计,使用起来更为方便。以下是使用netmiko
登录到交换机的示例:
from netmiko import ConnectHandler
def netmiko_connect(hostname, username, password, device_type='cisco_ios'):
# 设备信息
device = {
'device_type': device_type,
'host': hostname,
'username': username,
'password': password,
}
# 连接到交换机
net_connect = ConnectHandler(**device)
return net_connect
# 示例用法
hostname = '192.168.1.1'
username = 'admin'
password = 'password'
net_connect = netmiko_connect(hostname, username, password)
print("成功登录到交换机")
使用Python脚本创建VLAN
使用Paramiko创建VLAN
在成功登录交换机后,可以使用paramiko
发送命令创建VLAN。以下是一个完整的示例:
import paramiko
import time
def ssh_connect(hostname, username, password):
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(hostname, username=username, password=password)
return ssh
def create_vlan(ssh, vlan_id, vlan_name):
# 打开一个交互式Shell会话
remote_conn = ssh.invoke_shell()
# 进入全局配置模式
remote_conn.send("configure terminal\n")
time.sleep(1)
# 创建VLAN
remote_conn.send(f"vlan {vlan_id}\n")
time.sleep(1)
# 命名VLAN
remote_conn.send(f"name {vlan_name}\n")
time.sleep(1)
# 退出配置模式
remote_conn.send("end\n")
time.sleep(1)
# 保存配置
remote_conn.send("write memory\n")
time.sleep(1)
output = remote_conn.recv(65535).decode('utf-8')
return output
# 示例用法
hostname = '192.168.1.1'
username = 'admin'
password = 'password'
vlan_id = 10
vlan_name = 'Test_VLAN'
ssh = ssh_connect(hostname, username, password)
output = create_vlan(ssh, vlan_id, vlan_name)
print("VLAN创建成功")
print(output)
使用Netmiko创建VLAN
使用netmiko
库创建VLAN的代码更为简洁。以下是一个完整的示例:
from netmiko import ConnectHandler
def netmiko_connect(hostname, username, password, device_type='cisco_ios'):
device = {
'device_type': device_type,
'host': hostname,
'username': username,
'password': password,
}
net_connect = ConnectHandler(**device)
return net_connect
def create_vlan(net_connect, vlan_id, vlan_name):
commands = [
'configure terminal',
f'vlan {vlan_id}',
f'name {vlan_name}',
'end',
'write memory'
]
output = net_connect.send_config_set(commands)
return output
# 示例用法
hostname = '192.168.1.1'
username = 'admin'
password = 'password'
vlan_id = 10
vlan_name = 'Test_VLAN'
net_connect = netmiko_connect(hostname, username, password)
output = create_vlan(net_connect, vlan_id, vlan_name)
print("VLAN创建成功")
print(output)
脚本优化与错误处理
在实际应用中,我们可能会遇到各种错误和异常情况,例如登录失败、命令执行失败等。为了使脚本更加健壮,我们需要加入错误处理机制。
使用Paramiko的错误处理
以下是加入错误处理后的paramiko
脚本:
import paramiko
import time
def ssh_connect(hostname, username, password):
try:
ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(hostname, username=username, password=password)
return ssh
except paramiko.AuthenticationException:
print("认证失败,请检查用户名和密码。")
except paramiko.SSHException as sshException:
print(f"无法建立SSH连接: {sshException}")
except Exception as e:
print(f"出现错误: {e}")
def create_vlan(ssh, vlan_id, vlan_name):
try:
remote_conn = ssh.invoke_shell()
remote_conn.send("configure terminal\n")
time.sleep(1)
remote_conn.send(f"vlan {vlan_id}\n")
time.sleep(1)
remote_conn.send(f"name {vlan_name}\n")
time.sleep(1)
remote_conn.send("end\n")
time.sleep(1)
remote_conn.send("write memory\n")
time.sleep(1)
output = remote_conn.recv(65535).decode('utf-8')
return output
except Exception as e:
print(f"创建VLAN时出错: {e}")
# 示例用法
hostname = '192.168.1.1'
username = 'admin'
password = 'password'
vlan_id = 10
vlan_name = 'Test_VLAN'
ssh = ssh_connect(hostname, username, password)
if ssh:
output = create_vlan(ssh, vlan_id, vlan_name)
if output:
print("VLAN创建成功")
print(output)
ssh.close()
使用Netmiko的错误处理
以下是加入错误处理后的netmiko
脚本:
from netmiko import ConnectHandler, NetMikoAuthenticationException, NetMikoTimeoutException
def netmiko_connect(hostname, username, password, device_type='cisco_ios'):
device = {
'device_type': device_type,
'host': hostname,
'username': username,
'password': password,
}
try:
net_connect = ConnectHandler(**device)
return net_connect
except NetMikoAuthenticationException:
print("认证失败,请检查用户名和密码。")
except NetMikoTimeoutException:
print("连接超时,请检查交换机的网络连接。")
except Exception as e:
print(f"出现错误: {e}")
def create_vlan(net_connect, vlan_id, vlan_name):
try:
commands = [
'configure terminal',
f'vlan {vlan_id}',
f'name {vlan_name}',
'end',
'write memory'
]
output = net_connect.send_config_set(commands)
return output
except Exception as e:
print(f"创建VLAN时出错: {e}")
# 示例用法
hostname = '192.168.1.1'
username = 'admin'
password = 'password'
vlan_id = 10
vlan_name = 'Test_V
LAN'
net_connect = netmiko_connect(hostname, username, password)
if net_connect:
output = create_vlan(net_connect, vlan_id, vlan_name)
if output:
print("VLAN创建成功")
print(output)
net_connect.disconnect()