实验原理：
路由分类
（1）根据目的网络的不同，路由可以划分为：
特定网络路由：目的网络为目的主机所在网络的IP地址，其子网掩码表示的前缀长度为32位（对于IPv4地址），或128位（对于IPv6地 址）。采用特定网络路由可以减少路由表中路由的数量，便于路由的查找和维护。
特定主机路由：目的网络为目的主机的IP地址，其子网掩码表示 的前缀长度为32位（对于IPv4地址），或128位（对于IPv6地址）。采用特定主机路由可使网络管理人员更方便地控制网络和测试网络，同时也可在需要考虑某种安全问题时采用这种特定主机路由。在对网络的连接或路由表进行排错时，指明到某一台主机的特殊路由就十分有用了。
默认路由（Default Route）：也被称为缺省路由。默认路由是一 种特殊的路由，是匹配所有目的地的路由，在路由表中未找到匹配的路 由时才使用该路由。默认路由可以减小路由表所占用的空间和搜索路由 表所用的时间，可以简化网络的配置。如果路由表中没有默认路由，且 IP分组的目的地址不在路由表中，则路由器丢弃该分组，并向源端返回 一个ICMP报文，报告该目的地址或网络不可达。在路由表中，默认路由 以目的网络为0.0.0.0、子网掩码也为0.0.0.0的路由形式出现。通常情 况下，通过手工方式配置默认路由，但有些时候，也可以使路由选择协议生成默认路由。通过手工方式配置的默认路由被称为静态默认路由。 可以不配置默认路由，若配置，则只能配置一条默认路由。
（2）根据路由是否随网络状态的变化而变化，路由可以划分为：
静态路由：路由不随网络状态的变化而变化。其特点是简单和开 销较小，但不能及时适应网络状态的变化，需要人工配置。当网络发生 故障或者拓扑发生变化后，必须手工修改配置。与动态路由相比，静态 路由使用更少的带宽，并且不占用CPU资源来计算和分析路由的更新。 静态路由可以有多条。
静态路由在不同网络环境中有不同的目的：
•当网络结构比较简单时，只需配置静态路由就可以使网络正常工作。
•在复杂网络环境中，配置静态路由可以改进网络的性能，并可节省带宽。
动态路由：路由随网络状态的变化而变化。其特点是能较好地适 应网络状态的变化，但实现较为复杂，开销比较大。动态路由适用于较 复杂的大网络。动态路由由路由选择协议依据某种路由选择算法计算得到。
（3）根据目的网络与路由器是否直接相连，路由可以划分为：
直连路由：路由器与目的网络直接相连，可以直接交付分组，不 需要再通过其他路由器进行转发。
间接路由：路由器与目的网络不是直接相连，至少经过一个路由 器才能到达目的网络，需要将分组转发给下一跳路由器。
（4）根据目的地址类型的不同，路由还可以分为：
单播路由：路由的目的地址是一个单播IP地址。
组播路由：路由的目的地址是一个组播IP地址。
路由选择协议
路由表由路由选择协议建立和维护。路由选择协议依据某种路由算 法进行路由选择，并将计算得到的路由写入路由表。互联网采用的路由 选择协议主要是自适应的（即动态的）分布式路由选择协议。
互联网被划分为许多较小的自治系统（Autonomous System， AS）。互联网采用分层次的路由选择。互联网的路由选择协议划分为两大类：
（1）内部网关协议IGP（Interior Gateway Protocol）：在一个 自治系统内部使用的路由选择协议，与互联网中其他自治系统选用什么 路由选择协议无关。目前这类路由选择协议使用得最多，如RIP和OSPF 协议等。
（2）外部网关协议EGP（External Gateway Protocol）：自治系 统之间使用的路由选择协议，目前使用最多的外部网关协议是BGP-4
案例：
PC配置如下
LSW1的配置
#批量创建vlan 10，30和12 [LSW1]vlan batch 10 30 12 Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done. #将g0/0/9加入vlan10 [LSW1]interface g0/0/9 [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/9]port link-type access [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/9]port default vlan 10 [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/9]qu #将g0/0/13加入vlan30 [LSW1]interface g0/0/13 [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/13]port link-type access [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/13]port default vlan 30 [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/13]qu #将端口g0/0/24为trunk [LSW1]interface g0/0/24 [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/24]port link-type trunk [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/24]port trunk allow-pass vlan all [LSW1-GigabitEthernet0/0/24]qu [LSW1]display vlan The total number of vlans is : 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U: Up; D: Down; TG: Tagged; UT: Untagged; MP: Vlan-mapping; ST: Vlan-stacking; #: ProtocolTransparent-vlan; *: Management-vlan; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VID Type Ports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 common UT:GE0/0/1(D) GE0/0/2(D) GE0/0/3(D) GE0/0/4(D) GE0/0/5(D) GE0/0/6(D) GE0/0/7(D) GE0/0/8(D) GE0/0/10(D) GE0/0/11(D) GE0/0/12(D) GE0/0/14(D) GE0/0/15(D) GE0/0/16(D) GE0/0/17(D) GE0/0/18(D) GE0/0/19(D) GE0/0/20(D) GE0/0/21(D) GE0/0/22(D) GE0/0/23(D) GE0/0/24(U) 10 common UT:GE0/0/9(U) TG:GE0/0/24(U) 12 common TG:GE0/0/24(U) 30 common UT:GE0/0/13(U) TG:GE0/0/24(U) VID Status Property MAC-LRN Statistics Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 enable default enable disable VLAN 0001 10 enable default enable disable VLAN 0010 12 enable default enable disable VLAN 0012 30 enable default enable disable VLAN 0030 #查看端口类型及所属vlan [LSW1]display port vlan Port Link Type PVID Trunk VLAN List ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GigabitEthernet0/0/1 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/2 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/3 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/4 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/5 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/6 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/7 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/8 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/9 access 10 - GigabitEthernet0/0/10 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/11 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/12 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/13 access 30 - GigabitEthernet0/0/14 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/15 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/16 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/17 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/18 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/19 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/20 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/21 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/22 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/23 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/24 trunk 1 1-4094 [LSW1]interface vlanif 10 [LSW1-Vlanif10]ip address 192.168.10.1 24 [LSW1-Vlanif10]qu [LSW1]interface vlanif 30 [LSW1-Vlanif30]ip address 192.168.30.1 24 [LSW1-Vlanif30]qu [LSW1]interface vlanif 12 [LSW1-Vlanif12]ip address 192.168.12.1 24 [LSW1-Vlanif12]qu [LSW1]display interface brief PHY: Physical *down: administratively down (l): loopback (s): spoofing (b): BFD down (e): ETHOAM down (dl): DLDP down (d): Dampening Suppressed InUti/OutUti: input utility/output utility Interface PHY Protocol InUti OutUti inErrors outErrors GigabitEthernet0/0/1 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/2 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/3 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/4 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/5 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/6 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/7 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/8 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/9 up up 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/10 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/11 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/12 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/13 up up 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/14 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/15 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/16 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/17 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/18 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/19 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/20 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/21 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/22 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/23 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/24 up up 0% 0% 0 0 #查看vlanif端口ip配置 [LSW1]display IP interface vlanif 10 Vlanif10 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP The Maximum Transmit Unit : 1500 bytes input packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 output packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 Directed-broadcast packets: received packets: 0, sent packets: 0 forwarded packets: 0, dropped packets: 0 Internet Address is 192.168.10.1/24 Broadcast address : 192.168.10.255 TTL being 1 packet number: 0 TTL invalid packet number: 0 ICMP packet input number: 0 Echo reply: 0 Unreachable: 0 Source quench: 0 Routing redirect: 0 Echo request: 0 Router advert: 0 Router solicit: 0 Time exceed: 0 IP header bad: 0 Timestamp request: 0 Timestamp reply: 0 [LSW1]display IP inter vlanif 30 Vlanif30 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP The Maximum Transmit Unit : 1500 bytes input packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 output packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 Directed-broadcast packets: received packets: 0, sent packets: 0 forwarded packets: 0, dropped packets: 0 Internet Address is 192.168.30.1/24 Broadcast address : 192.168.30.255 TTL being 1 packet number: 0 TTL invalid packet number: 0 ICMP packet input number: 0 Echo reply: 0 Unreachable: 0 Source quench: 0 Routing redirect: 0 Echo request: 0 Router advert: 0 Router solicit: 0 Time exceed: 0 IP header bad: 0 Timestamp request: 0 Timestamp reply: 0 [LSW1]display IP inter vlanif 12 Vlanif12 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP The Maximum Transmit Unit : 1500 bytes input packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 output packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 Directed-broadcast packets: received packets: 0, sent packets: 0 forwarded packets: 0, dropped packets: 0 Internet Address is 192.168.12.1/24 Broadcast address : 192.168.12.255 TTL being 1 packet number: 0 TTL invalid packet number: 0 ICMP packet input number: 0 Echo reply: 0 Unreachable: 0 Source quench: 0 Routing redirect: 0 Echo request: 0 Router advert: 0 Router solicit: 0 Time exceed: 0 IP header bad: 0 Timestamp request: 0 Timestamp reply: 0 #查看ip路由表 [LSW1]display IP routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 8 Routes : 8 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 192.168.10.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.10.1 Vlanif10 192.168.10.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif10 192.168.12.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.12.1 Vlanif12 192.168.12.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif12 192.168.30.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.30.1 Vlanif30 192.168.30.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif30
LSW2的配置
<Huawei>sys Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z. [Huawei]sysname LSW2 [LSW2]vlan batch Sep 17 2023 15:45:01-08:00 LSW2 DS/4/DATASYNC_CFGCHANGE:OID 1.3.6.1.4.1.2011.5.2 5.191.3.1 configurations have been changed. The current change number is 4, the change loop count is 0, and the maximum number of records is 4095.80 Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done. [LSW2] [LSW2]undo info-center enable Info: Information center is disabled. [LSW2]vlan batch 80 81 12 Info: This operation may take a few seconds. Please wait for a moment...done. [LSW2]interface g0/0/15 [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/15]port link-type access [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/15]port default vlan 80 [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/15]qu [LSW2]interface g0/0/17 [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/17]port link-type access [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/17]port default vlan 81 [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/17]qu [LSW2]interface g0/0/24 [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/24]port link-type trunk [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/24]port trunk allow-pass vlan all [LSW2-GigabitEthernet0/0/24]qu [LSW2]display vlan The total number of vlans is : 4 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- U: Up; D: Down; TG: Tagged; UT: Untagged; MP: Vlan-mapping; ST: Vlan-stacking; #: ProtocolTransparent-vlan; *: Management-vlan; -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- VID Type Ports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 common UT:GE0/0/1(D) GE0/0/2(D) GE0/0/3(D) GE0/0/4(D) GE0/0/5(D) GE0/0/6(D) GE0/0/7(D) GE0/0/8(D) GE0/0/9(D) GE0/0/10(D) GE0/0/11(D) GE0/0/12(D) GE0/0/13(D) GE0/0/14(D) GE0/0/16(D) GE0/0/18(D) GE0/0/19(D) GE0/0/20(D) GE0/0/21(D) GE0/0/22(D) GE0/0/23(D) GE0/0/24(U) 12 common TG:GE0/0/24(U) 80 common UT:GE0/0/15(U) TG:GE0/0/24(U) 81 common UT:GE0/0/17(U) TG:GE0/0/24(U) VID Status Property MAC-LRN Statistics Description -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 enable default enable disable VLAN 0001 12 enable default enable disable VLAN 0012 80 enable default enable disable VLAN 0080 81 enable default enable disable VLAN 0081 [LSW2]display port vlan Port Link Type PVID Trunk VLAN List ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- GigabitEthernet0/0/1 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/2 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/3 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/4 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/5 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/6 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/7 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/8 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/9 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/10 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/11 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/12 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/13 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/14 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/15 access 80 - GigabitEthernet0/0/16 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/17 access 81 - GigabitEthernet0/0/18 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/19 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/20 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/21 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/22 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/23 hybrid 1 - GigabitEthernet0/0/24 trunk 1 1-4094 [LSW2]interface vlanif 80 [LSW2-Vlanif80]ip address 192.168.80.1 24 [LSW2-Vlanif80]qu [LSW2]interface vlanif 81 [LSW2-Vlanif81]ip address 192.168.81.1 24 [LSW2-Vlanif81]interface vlanif 12 [LSW2-Vlanif12]ip address 192.168.12.2 24 [LSW2-Vlanif12]qu [LSW2]display interface brief PHY: Physical *down: administratively down (l): loopback (s): spoofing (b): BFD down (e): ETHOAM down (dl): DLDP down (d): Dampening Suppressed InUti/OutUti: input utility/output utility Interface PHY Protocol InUti OutUti inErrors outErrors GigabitEthernet0/0/1 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/2 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/3 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/4 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/5 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/6 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/7 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/8 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/9 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/10 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/11 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/12 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/13 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/14 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/15 up up 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/16 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/17 up up 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/18 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/19 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/20 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/21 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/22 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/23 down down 0% 0% 0 0 GigabitEthernet0/0/24 up up 0% 0% 0 0 [LSW2]display ip interface brief *down: administratively down ^down: standby (l): loopback (s): spoofing The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 5 The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 1 The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 4 The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 2 Interface IP Address/Mask Physical Protocol MEth0/0/1 unassigned down down NULL0 unassigned up up(s) Vlanif1 unassigned up down Vlanif12 192.168.12.2/24 up up Vlanif80 192.168.80.1/24 up up Vlanif81 192.168.81.1/24 up up [LSW2]display IP interface vlanif 80 Vlanif80 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP The Maximum Transmit Unit : 1500 bytes input packets : 503, bytes : 30180, multicasts : 0 output packets : 597, bytes : 34388, multicasts : 0 Directed-broadcast packets: received packets: 0, sent packets: 0 forwarded packets: 0, dropped packets: 0 Internet Address is 192.168.80.1/24 Broadcast address : 192.168.80.255 TTL being 1 packet number: 0 TTL invalid packet number: 0 ICMP packet input number: 0 Echo reply: 0 Unreachable: 0 Source quench: 0 Routing redirect: 0 Echo request: 0 Router advert: 0 Router solicit: 0 Time exceed: 0 IP header bad: 0 Timestamp request: 0 Timestamp reply: 0 [LSW2]display IP interface vlanif 81 Vlanif81 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP The Maximum Transmit Unit : 1500 bytes input packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 output packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 Directed-broadcast packets: received packets: 0, sent packets: 0 forwarded packets: 0, dropped packets: 0 Internet Address is 192.168.81.1/24 Broadcast address : 192.168.81.255 TTL being 1 packet number: 0 TTL invalid packet number: 0 ICMP packet input number: 0 Echo reply: 0 Unreachable: 0 Source quench: 0 Routing redirect: 0 Echo request: 0 Router advert: 0 Router solicit: 0 Time exceed: 0 IP header bad: 0 Timestamp request: 0 Timestamp reply: 0 [LSW2]display IP interface vlanif 12 Vlanif12 current state : UP Line protocol current state : UP The Maximum Transmit Unit : 1500 bytes input packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 output packets : 0, bytes : 0, multicasts : 0 Directed-broadcast packets: received packets: 0, sent packets: 0 forwarded packets: 0, dropped packets: 0 Internet Address is 192.168.12.2/24 Broadcast address : 192.168.12.255 TTL being 1 packet number: 0 TTL invalid packet number: 0 ICMP packet input number: 0 Echo reply: 0 Unreachable: 0 Source quench: 0 Routing redirect: 0 Echo request: 0 Router advert: 0 Router solicit: 0 Time exceed: 0 IP header bad: 0 Timestamp request: 0 Timestamp reply: 0 Information request: 0 [LSW2]display IP routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 9 Routes : 9 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 192.168.12.1 Vlanif12 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 192.168.12.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.12.2 Vlanif12 192.168.12.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif12 192.168.80.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.80.1 Vlanif80 192.168.80.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif80 192.168.81.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.81.1 Vlanif81 192.168.81.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif81 将PC-10-1与PC-30-1、PC-80-1和PC-81-1通信： PC>ping 192.168.30.11 Ping 192.168.30.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=127 time=78 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=32 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=32 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=63 ms --- 192.168.30.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 32/50/78 ms traceroute to 192.168.30.11, 8 hops max (ICMP), press Ctrl+C to stop 1 192.168.10.1 31 ms 32 ms 31 ms 2 192.168.30.11 62 ms 47 ms 63 ms PC>ping 192.168.80.11 Ping 192.168.80.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.80.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>ping 192.168.81.11 Ping 192.168.81.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.81.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss 将PC-30-1与PC-30-1、PC-80-1和PC-81-1通信： PC>ping 192.168.10.11 Ping 192.168.10.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=31 ms --- 192.168.10.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 4 packet(s) received 20.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0/43/47 ms PC>ping 192.168.80.11 Ping 192.168.80.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.80.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>ping 192.168.81.11 Ping 192.168.81.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.81.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss 将PC-80-1与PC-10-1、PC-30-1和PC-81-1通信： PC>ping 192.168.81.11 Ping 192.168.81.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=127 time=94 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=62 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=47 ms --- 192.168.81.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 47/59/94 ms PC>ping 192.168.30.11 Ping 192.168.30.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.30.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>ping 192.168.10.11 Ping 192.168.10.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.10.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss 将PC-81-1与PC-10-1、PC-30-1和PC-80-1通信： PC>ping 192.168.30.11 Ping 192.168.30.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.30.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>ping 192.168.10.11 Ping 192.168.10.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! Request timeout! --- 192.168.10.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 0 packet(s) received 100.00% packet loss PC>ping 192.168.80.11 Ping 192.168.80.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=63 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=63 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=47 ms --- 192.168.80.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 47/53/63 ms 在交换机LSW1中配置静态路由 <LSW1>sys Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z. #目的网络为192.168.80.0，子网掩码为255.255.255.0，下一跳地址为192.168.12.2 [LSW1]ip route-static 192.168.80.0 24 192.168.12.2 #与上面同理 [LSW1]ip route-static 192.168.81.0 24 192.168.12.2 [LSW1]display IP routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 10 Routes : 10 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 192.168.10.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.10.1 Vlanif10 192.168.10.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif10 192.168.12.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.12.1 Vlanif12 192.168.12.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif12 192.168.30.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.30.1 Vlanif30 192.168.30.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif30 192.168.80.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 192.168.12.2 Vlanif12 192.168.81.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 192.168.12.2 Vlanif12 [LSW1]display IP routing-table 192.168.80.0 Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routing Table : Public Summary Count : 1 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 192.168.80.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 192.168.12.2 Vlanif12
用PC-10-1 ping PC-80-1,对LSW1的0/0/24抓包
而用PC-80-1 ping PC-10-1 ，对LSW2的0/0/24抓包，与上图对比可以看出
数据包需要通过来回两个方向的传输才能完成一个完整的通信。
如果只在一侧上配置了路由，则只能实现单向的通信，即只能从具备路由功能的终端 PC-10-1到达另一个不具备路由功能的终端 PC-80-1。当由终端PC-80-1向其它网络的主机发送数据时，就会出现路由不可达的情况。所以需要在另一端配置回程路由
<LSW2>sys Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z. #目的地址是0.0.0.0 子网掩码是0.0.0.0 下一跳地址是192.168.12.1 [LSW2]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 192.168.12.1 #查看交换机IP路由表 [LSW2]display IP routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 7 Routes : 7 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 192.168.12.1 Vlanif12 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 192.168.12.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.12.2 Vlanif12 192.168.12.2/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif12 192.168.80.0/24 Direct 0 0 D 192.168.80.1 Vlanif80 192.168.80.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 Vlanif80 有了回程路由，接下来再用PC-10-1 ping PC-80-1就可以ping通了，同样PC-80-1也可以ping PC-10-1了 PC>ping 192.168.80.11 Ping 192.168.80.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=126 time=110 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=126 time=78 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=126 time=110 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=126 time=109 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=126 time=94 ms --- 192.168.80.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 78/100/110 ms PC>ping 192.168.10.11 Ping 192.168.10.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=126 time=78 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=126 time=78 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=126 time=62 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=126 time=78 ms From 192.168.10.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=126 time=78 ms --- 192.168.10.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 62/74/78 ms PC-10-1ping 其他三个PC PC>ping 192.168.30.11 Ping 192.168.30.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=127 time=47 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=127 time=62 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=127 time=63 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=127 time=31 ms From 192.168.30.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=127 time=31 ms --- 192.168.30.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 31/46/63 ms PC>ping 192.168.80.11 Ping 192.168.80.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=1 ttl=126 time=94 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=126 time=62 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=126 time=62 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=126 time=62 ms From 192.168.80.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=126 time=94 ms --- 192.168.80.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 5 packet(s) received 0.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 62/74/94 ms PC>ping 192.168.81.11 Ping 192.168.81.11: 32 data bytes, Press Ctrl_C to break Request timeout! From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=2 ttl=126 time=125 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=3 ttl=126 time=94 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=4 ttl=126 time=93 ms From 192.168.81.11: bytes=32 seq=5 ttl=126 time=63 ms --- 192.168.81.11 ping statistics --- 5 packet(s) transmitted 4 packet(s) received 20.00% packet loss round-trip min/avg/max = 0/93/125 ms PC>
用PC-10-1 ping PC-80-1如下图所示：现在就是完整的通信过程
这里补充一下静态路由和默认路由的区别
1.配置方式：
静态路由：需要管理员手动配置路由表中的每一条路由规则。每个网络和子网都需要指定下一跳的目标地址或出接口。
默认路由：也称为缺省路由或0.0.0.0/0 网络，是一条特殊的静态路由规则，用于指示当路由表中没有匹配的路由规则时，将数据包发送到默认网关
2.路由信息的数量：
静态路由：需要手动配置每个网络之间的路由规则，因此路由表会包含多条明确的路由信息。
默认路由：只需要一条默认路由规则来处理所有未知目的地的数据包，因此路由表中的信息较少。
3.灵活性和可扩展性：
静态路由：需要手动配置和更新路由表，适用于小型网络或需要细粒度控制的情况。但在大型网络中，随着网络规模的扩大，手动配置和管理所有路由规则变得繁琐且不易维护。
默认路由：提供了一种简单的路由配置方式，特别适用于大型网络或需要简化路由管理的情况。它将所有未知目的地的数据包都发送到默认网关，减少了路由表的复杂性和管理工作。
