本章我们将模拟实现string类,但不一定非要与库中完全相同。我们将其中重要的、常用的接口进行模拟实现,旨在加深string类的学习与记忆。
🌛定义string类
为了区别于标准库中的string,这里使用自己的命名空间,在自己的命名空间模拟实现string
string类包含这三个基本成员:
- char* _str 字符数组;
- size_t _size 有效字符大小;
- size_t _capacity 容量;
此外还需声明一个static成员npos,npos为将来实现的某些成员函数的缺省值,值位-1;
namespace yxb { class string { public: private: char* _str; size_t _capacity; size_t _size; //类中声明 static const size_t npos; }; //类外定义 const size_t string::npos = -1; }
🌛构造函数
//构造函数 string(const char* str = "") //使用缺省值 :_size(strlen(str)) { _capacity = _size == 0 ? 3 : _size; //_capacity初始值不能为0 _str = new char[_capacity + 1]; //为'\0'预留位置 strcpy(_str, str); }
注意
- _capacity的值不能初始化为0,因为扩容时可能出现0*n=0的情况。
🌛拷贝构造函数
拷贝构造虽然编译器会自动实现,但是自动实现的拷贝构造为浅拷贝,对于string类中,成员变量会申请资源的情况,浅拷贝是行不通的,所以需要我们自己实现。
//拷贝构造s3(s2) string(const string& s) :_size(s._size) ,_capacity(s._capacity) { _str = new char[s._capacity + 1]; strcpy(_str, s._str); }
🌛赋值函数
//s1 = s3 s1 = s1 string& operator=(const string& s) { if (this != &s) { char* tmp = new char[s._capacity + 1]; strcpy(tmp,s._str); delete[] _str; _str = tmp; _size = s._size; _capacity = s._capacity; } return *this; }
🌛析构函数
~string() { delete[] _str; _str = nullptr; _capacity = _size = 0; }
🌛[]操作符重载
注意应对const对象与非const对象须实现不同的重载函数。
char& operator[](size_t pos) { assert(pos < _size); return _str[pos]; } const char& operator[](size_t pos)const { assert(pos < _size); return _str[pos]; }
🌛c_str、size、capacity函数
- c_str:返回C风格的字符串。
- size:返回_size;
- capacity:返回_capacity;
const char* c_str() { return _str; } size_t size() const { return _size; } size_t capacity() const { return _capacity; }
🌛比较运算符重载
//比较运算符重载 bool operator>(const string& s) const { return strcmp(_str, s._str) > 0; } bool operator==(const string& s) const { return strcmp(_str, s._str) == 0; } bool operator>=(const string& s) const { return *this > s && *this == s; } bool operator<(const string& s) const { return !(*this >= s); } bool operator<=(const string& s) const { return !(*this > s); } bool operator!=(const string& s) const { return !(*this == s); }
🌛resize与reserve函数
- resize:扩容并初始化;
- reserve:只扩容;
//扩容 void reverse(size_t n) { if (n > _capacity) { char* tmp = new char[n + 1]; strcpy(tmp, _str); delete[] _str; _str = tmp; _capacity = n; } } //扩容+初始化 void resize(size_t n, char ch = '\0') { if (n <= _size) { //删除数据,保留前n个 _size = n; _str[_size] = '\0'; } else { if (n > _capacity) { reverse(n); } size_t i = _size; while (i < n) { _str[i++] = ch; } _size = n; _str[_size] = '\0'; } }
🌛push_back、append函数
- push_back:尾插一个字符;
- append:尾插一个字符串;
- +=:尾插一个字符或字符串;
void push_back(char ch) { if (_size + 1 > _capacity) { reverse(_capacity * 2); } _str[_size] = ch; _size++; _str[_size] = '\0'; } void append(const char* str) { size_t len = strlen(str); if (_size + len > _capacity) { reverse(_size + len); } strcpy(_str + _size, str); _size += len; } string& operator+=(char ch) { push_back(ch); return *this; } string& operator+=(const char* str) { append(str); return *this; }
🌛insert函数
- insert:在pos位置插入一个字符或字符串;
void insert(size_t pos, char ch) { assert(pos <= _size); if (_size + 1 > _capacity) { reverse(2 * _capacity); } size_t end = _size + 1; while (pos < end) { _str[end] = _str[end - 1]; end--; } _str[pos] = ch; _size++; } void insert(size_t pos, const char* str) { assert(pos <= _size); size_t len = strlen(str); if (_size + len > _capacity) { reverse(_size + len); } //挪动数据 size_t end = _size + len; while ( end > pos +len-1 ) { _str[end] = _str[end-len]; end--; } //拷贝插入 strncpy(_str + pos, str, len); _size += len; }
🌛erase函数
- erase:删除pos位置向后的n个字符;
void erase(size_t pos, size_t len = npos) { if (len == npos || pos + len >= _size) { _str[pos] = '\0'; _size = pos; } //0123456789 else { strcpy(_str + pos, _str + pos + len); _size -= pos; } }
🌛find函数
- find:从pos位置开始向后查找指定字符或字符串,并返回起始位置的下标。
size_t find(char ch, size_t pos = npos) { assert(pos < _size); for (size_t i = pos; i < _size; ++i) { if (_str[i] == ch) { return i; } } return npos; } size_t find(const char* str, size_t pos = npos) { assert(pos < _size); char* p = strstr(_str, str); if (p == nullptr) { return npos; } else { return p - str; } }
🌛swap函数
void swap(string& s) { std::swap(_str, s._str); std::swap(_size, s._size); std::swap(_capacity, s._capacity); }
🌛clean函数
- clean:清理数据;
void clean() { _str[0] = '\0'; _size = 0; }
🌛迭代器
//迭代器 typedef char* iterator; typedef const char* const_iterator; iterator begin() { return _str; } iterator end() { return _str + _size; } const_iterator begin() const { return _str; } const_iterator end()const { return _str + _size; }
🌛>> 与 << 重载
注意这两个函数须定义在类外。
ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const string& str) { for (auto ch : str) { out << ch; } return out; } istream& operator>>(istream& in, string& str) { str.clean(); char ch = in.get(); char buff[128]; //避免因频繁扩容导致效率过低 size_t i = 0; while (ch != ' ' && ch != '\n') { buff[i++] = ch; if (i == 127) { buff[127] = '\0'; str += buff; i = 0; } ch = in.get(); } if (i != 0) { buff[i] = '\0'; str += buff; } return in; }
🌛完整代码
#pragma once #include<assert.h> namespace yxb { class string { public: typedef char* iterator; typedef const char* const_iterator; iterator begin() { return _str; } iterator end() { return _str + _size; } const_iterator begin()const { return _str; } const_iterator end()const { return _str + _size; } /*string() :_str(new char[1]) , _size(0) ,_capacity(0) { _str[0] = '\0'; }*/ string(const char* str = "") :_size(strlen(str)) { _capacity = _size == 0 ? 3 : _size; _str = new char[_capacity + 1]; strcpy(_str, str); } //拷贝构造s3(s2) string(const string& s) :_size(s._size) ,_capacity(s._capacity) { _str = new char[s._capacity + 1]; strcpy(_str, s._str); } //s1 = s3 s1 = s1 string& operator=(const string& s) { if (this != &s) { char* tmp = new char[s._capacity + 1]; strcpy(tmp,s._str); delete[] _str; _str = tmp; _size = s._size; _capacity = s._capacity; } return *this; } ~string() { delete[] _str; _str = nullptr; _capacity = _size = 0; } const char* c_str() { return _str; } char& operator[](size_t pos) { assert(pos < _size); return _str[pos]; } const char& operator[](size_t pos)const { assert(pos < _size); return _str[pos]; } size_t size()const { return _size; } size_t capacity()const { return _capacity; } bool operator>(const string& s)const { return strcmp(_str, s._str) > 0; } bool operator==(const string& s)const { return strcmp(_str, s._str) == 0; } bool operator>=(const string& s)const { return (*this == s || *this > s); } bool operator<(const string& s)const { return !(*this >= s); } bool operator<=(const string& s)const { return !(*this > s); } bool operator!=(const string& s)const { return !(*this == s); } //扩容 void reverse(size_t n) { if (n > _capacity) { char* tmp = new char[n + 1]; strcpy(tmp, _str); delete[] _str; _str = tmp; _capacity = n; } } //扩容+初始化 void resize(size_t n, char ch = '\0') { if (n <= _size) { //删除数据,保留前n个 _size = n; _str[_size] = '\0'; } else { if (n > _capacity) { reverse(n); } size_t i = _size; while (i < n) { _str[i++] = ch; } _size = n; _str[_size] = '\0'; } } void push_back(char ch) { if (_size + 1 > _capacity) { reverse(_capacity * 2); } _str[_size] = ch; _size++; _str[_size] = '\0'; } void append(const char* str) { size_t len = strlen(str); if (_size + len > _capacity) { reverse(_size + len); } strcpy(_str + _size, str); _size += len; } string& operator+=(char ch) { push_back(ch); return *this; } string& operator+=(const char* str) { append(str); return *this; } void insert(size_t pos, char ch) { assert(pos <= _size); if (_size + 1 > _capacity) { reverse(2 * _capacity); } size_t end = _size + 1; while (pos < end) { _str[end] = _str[end - 1]; end--; } _str[pos] = ch; _size++; } void insert(size_t pos, const char* str) { assert(pos <= _size); size_t len = strlen(str); if (_size + len > _capacity) { reverse(_size + len); } //挪动数据 size_t end = _size + len; while ( end > pos +len-1 ) { _str[end] = _str[end-len]; end--; } //拷贝插入 strncpy(_str + pos, str, len); _size += len; } void erase(size_t pos, size_t len = npos) { if (len == npos || pos + len >= _size) { _str[pos] = '\0'; _size = pos; } //0123456789 else { strcpy(_str + pos, _str + pos + len); _size -= pos; } } size_t find(char ch, size_t pos = npos) { assert(pos < _size); for (size_t i = pos; i < _size; ++i) { if (_str[i] == ch) { return i; } } return npos; } size_t find(const char* str, size_t pos = npos) { assert(pos < _size); char* p = strstr(_str, str); if (p == nullptr) { return npos; } else { return p - str; } } void swap(string& s) { std::swap(_str, s._str); std::swap(_size, s._size); std::swap(_capacity, s._capacity); } void clean() { _str[0] = '\0'; _size = 0; } private: char* _str; size_t _capacity; size_t _size; static const size_t npos; }; const size_t string::npos = -1; ostream& operator<<(ostream& out, const string& str) { for (auto ch : str) { out << ch; } return out; } istream& operator>>(istream& in, string& str) { str.clean(); char ch = in.get(); char buff[128]; //避免因频繁扩容导致效率过低 size_t i = 0; while (ch != ' ' && ch != '\n') { buff[i++] = ch; if (i == 127) { buff[127] = '\0'; str += buff; i = 0; } ch = in.get(); } if (i != 0) { buff[i] = '\0'; str += buff; } return in; } void test_string1() { string s1; string s2("hello world"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; cout << s2.c_str() << endl; s2[0]++; cout << s2.c_str() << endl; } void test_string2() { string s1; string s2("hello world"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; cout << s2.c_str() << endl; s1 = s2; cout << s1.c_str() << endl; cout << s2.c_str() << endl; } void test_string3() { string s1; string s2("hello world"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; cout << s2.c_str() << endl; string::iterator it = s2.begin(); while (it != s2.end()) { cout << *it << endl; ++it; } } void test_string4() { string s1; string s2("hello world"); string s3("hello"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; cout << s2.c_str() << endl; cout << (s3 >= s2) << endl; } void test_string5() { string s1; string s2("hello world"); s2.append("yyyyyy"); cout << s2.c_str() << endl; } void test_string6() { string s1("hhh "); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; s1.resize(10, 'x'); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; s1.resize(100, 'y'); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; } void test_string7() { string s1("123456789"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; s1.insert(2, "wwww"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; s1.insert(0, "ss"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; } void test_string8() { string s1("123456789"); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; s1.erase(4, 2); cout << s1.c_str() << endl; } void test_string9() { string s1; cin >> s1; cout << s1 << endl; } }