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10、数据校验:Validation
10.1、Spring Validation概述
在开发中,我们经常遇到参数校验的需求,比如用户注册的时候,要校验用户名不能为空、用户名长度不超过20个字符、手机号是合法的手机号格式等等。如果使用普通方式,我们会把校验的代码和真正的业务处理逻辑耦合在一起,而且如果未来要新增一种校验逻辑也需要在修改多个地方。而spring validation允许通过注解的方式来定义对象校验规则,把校验和业务逻辑分离开,让代码编写更加方便。Spring Validation其实就是对Hibernate Validator进一步的封装,方便在Spring中使用。
在Spring中有多种校验的方式
第一种是通过实现org.springframework.validation.Validator接口,然后在代码中调用这个类
第二种是按照Bean Validation方式来进行校验,即通过注解的方式。
第三种是基于方法实现校验
除此之外,还可以实现自定义校验
10.2、实验一:通过Validator接口实现
第一步 创建子模块 spring6-validator
第二步 引入相关依赖
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.hibernate.validator</groupId> <artifactId>hibernate-validator</artifactId> <version>7.0.5.Final</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.glassfish</groupId> <artifactId>jakarta.el</artifactId> <version>4.0.1</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
第三步 创建实体类,定义属性和方法
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method1; public class Person { private String name; private int age; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } }
第四步 创建类实现Validator接口,实现接口方法指定校验规则
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method1; import org.springframework.validation.Errors; import org.springframework.validation.ValidationUtils; import org.springframework.validation.Validator; public class PersonValidator implements Validator { @Override public boolean supports(Class<?> clazz) { return Person.class.equals(clazz); } @Override public void validate(Object object, Errors errors) { ValidationUtils.rejectIfEmpty(errors, "name", "name.empty"); Person p = (Person) object; if (p.getAge() < 0) { errors.rejectValue("age", "error value < 0"); } else if (p.getAge() > 110) { errors.rejectValue("age", "error value too old"); } } }
上面定义的类,其实就是实现接口中对应的方法,
supports方法用来表示此校验用在哪个类型上,
validate是设置校验逻辑的地点,其中ValidationUtils,是Spring封装的校验工具类,帮助快速实现校验。
第五步 使用上述Validator进行测试
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method1; import org.springframework.validation.BindingResult; import org.springframework.validation.DataBinder; public class TestMethod1 { public static void main(String[] args) { //创建person对象 Person person = new Person(); person.setName("lucy"); person.setAge(-1); // 创建Person对应的DataBinder DataBinder binder = new DataBinder(person); // 设置校验 binder.setValidator(new PersonValidator()); // 由于Person对象中的属性为空,所以校验不通过 binder.validate(); //输出结果 BindingResult results = binder.getBindingResult(); System.out.println(results.getAllErrors()); } }
10.3、实验二:Bean Validation注解实现
使用Bean Validation校验方式,就是如何将Bean Validation需要使用的javax.validation.ValidatorFactory 和javax.validation.Validator注入到容器中。spring默认有一个实现类LocalValidatorFactoryBean,它实现了上面Bean Validation中的接口,并且也实现了org.springframework.validation.Validator接口。
第一步 创建配置类,配置LocalValidatorFactoryBean
@Configuration @ComponentScan("com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method2") public class ValidationConfig { @Bean public LocalValidatorFactoryBean validator() { return new LocalValidatorFactoryBean(); } }
第二步 创建实体类,使用注解定义校验规则
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method2; import jakarta.validation.constraints.Max; import jakarta.validation.constraints.Min; import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotNull; public class User { @NotNull private String name; @Min(0) @Max(120) private int age; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } }
常用注解说明
@NotNull 限制必须不为null
@NotEmpty 只作用于字符串类型,字符串不为空,并且长度不为0
@NotBlank 只作用于字符串类型,字符串不为空,并且trim()后不为空串
@DecimalMax(value) 限制必须为一个不大于指定值的数字
@DecimalMin(value) 限制必须为一个不小于指定值的数字
@Max(value) 限制必须为一个不大于指定值的数字
@Min(value) 限制必须为一个不小于指定值的数字
@Pattern(value) 限制必须符合指定的正则表达式
@Size(max,min) 限制字符长度必须在min到max之间
@Email 验证注解的元素值是Email,也可以通过正则表达式和flag指定自定义的email格式
第三步 使用两种不同的校验器实现
(1)使用jakarta.validation.Validator校验
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method2; import jakarta.validation.ConstraintViolation; import jakarta.validation.Validator; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import java.util.Set; @Service public class MyService1 { @Autowired private Validator validator; public boolean validator(User user){ Set<ConstraintViolation<User>> sets = validator.validate(user); return sets.isEmpty(); } }
(2)使用org.springframework.validation.Validator校验
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method2; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import org.springframework.validation.BindException; import org.springframework.validation.Validator; @Service public class MyService2 { @Autowired private Validator validator; public boolean validaPersonByValidator(User user) { BindException bindException = new BindException(user, user.getName()); validator.validate(user, bindException); return bindException.hasErrors(); } }
第四步 测试
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method2; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMethod2 { @Test public void testMyService1() { ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ValidationConfig.class); MyService1 myService = context.getBean(MyService1.class); User user = new User(); user.setAge(-1); boolean validator = myService.validator(user); System.out.println(validator); } @Test public void testMyService2() { ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ValidationConfig.class); MyService2 myService = context.getBean(MyService2.class); User user = new User(); user.setName("lucy"); user.setAge(130); user.setAge(-1); boolean validator = myService.validaPersonByValidator(user); System.out.println(validator); } }
10.4、实验三:基于方法实现校验
第一步 创建配置类,配置MethodValidationPostProcessor
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method3; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.LocalValidatorFactoryBean; import org.springframework.validation.beanvalidation.MethodValidationPostProcessor; @Configuration @ComponentScan("com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method3") public class ValidationConfig { @Bean public MethodValidationPostProcessor validationPostProcessor() { return new MethodValidationPostProcessor(); } }
第二步 创建实体类,使用注解设置校验规则
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method3; import jakarta.validation.constraints.*; public class User { @NotNull private String name; @Min(0) @Max(120) private int age; @Pattern(regexp = "^1(3|4|5|7|8)\\d{9}$",message = "手机号码格式错误") @NotBlank(message = "手机号码不能为空") private String phone; public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public int getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(int age) { this.age = age; } public String getPhone() { return phone; } public void setPhone(String phone) { this.phone = phone; } }
第三步 定义Service类,通过注解操作对象
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method3; import jakarta.validation.Valid; import jakarta.validation.constraints.NotNull; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; import org.springframework.validation.annotation.Validated; @Service @Validated public class MyService { public String testParams(@NotNull @Valid User user) { return user.toString(); } }
第四步 测试
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method3; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; public class TestMethod3 { @Test public void testMyService1() { ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(ValidationConfig.class); MyService myService = context.getBean(MyService.class); User user = new User(); user.setAge(-1); myService.testParams(user); } }
10.5、实验四:实现自定义校验
第一步 自定义校验注解
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method4; import jakarta.validation.Constraint; import jakarta.validation.Payload; import java.lang.annotation.*; @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.PARAMETER}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Constraint(validatedBy = {CannotBlankValidator.class}) public @interface CannotBlank { //默认错误消息 String message() default "不能包含空格"; //分组 Class<?>[] groups() default {}; //负载 Class<? extends Payload>[] payload() default {}; //指定多个时使用 @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE, ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.TYPE_USE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @interface List { CannotBlank[] value(); } }
第二步 编写真正的校验类
package com.atguigu.spring6.validation.method4; import jakarta.validation.ConstraintValidator; import jakarta.validation.ConstraintValidatorContext; public class CannotBlankValidator implements ConstraintValidator<CannotBlank, String> { @Override public void initialize(CannotBlank constraintAnnotation) { } @Override public boolean isValid(String value, ConstraintValidatorContext context) { //null时不进行校验 if (value != null && value.contains(" ")) { //获取默认提示信息 String defaultConstraintMessageTemplate = context.getDefaultConstraintMessageTemplate(); System.out.println("default message :" + defaultConstraintMessageTemplate); //禁用默认提示信息 context.disableDefaultConstraintViolation(); //设置提示语 context.buildConstraintViolationWithTemplate("can not contains blank").addConstraintViolation(); return false; } return true; } }