Windows中使用包管理器 - Chocolatey简介
曾今有个段子，使用Linux系统前觉得Linux系统操作复杂度简直反人类，会用Linux系统后，觉得Windows在很多地方也挺反人类。用习惯了Windows的用户一般都会在特定的网站寻找一个安装包的可执行文件下载并安装软件，而使用Linux系统的用户更喜欢使用包管理器——只需要一行简单的命令，即可轻松安装需要的软件！
现在Windows上也有类似于Ubuntu的“apt”或CentOS的“yum”工具了！这就是“Chocolatey”。对于开发者而言使用包管理工具的便利性就不用多介绍了，本文将带领读者通过包管理器来搭建一些常用的开发环境以及安装一些常用软件。
1.Chocolatey简介
懒得简介了。
2.搭建Chocolatey包管理环境
Chocolatey的安装
Chocolatey要求的最低Windows系统版本为Windows7，并且需要：
- PowerShell v2 +（虽然还不是PowerShell Core）（由于TLS 1.2要求，从此网站安装的最低版本是v3 ）
- .NET Framework 4+（Windows10以上系统自带而无需安装了）（由于TLS 1.2要求，从此网站安装的最低版本为4.5 ）
满足以上要求下，请跟着本文进行以下操作：
右键Win菜单按钮，打开 WindowsPowerShell（管理员），如图所示：
输入以下命令，下载安装Chocolatey：
Set-ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Scope Process -Force; [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = [System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol -bor 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))
如果你用的为cmd.exe而不是PowerShell，则应该使用如下命令（间接使用PowerShell）：
@"%SystemRoot%\System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\powershell.exe" -NoProfile -InputFormat None -ExecutionPolicy Bypass -Command "[System.Net.ServicePointManager]::SecurityProtocol = 3072; iex ((New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://chocolatey.org/install.ps1'))" && SET "PATH=%PATH%;%ALLUSERSPROFILE%\chocolatey\bin"
安装过程中若出现（是否运行脚本）：
Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[A]ll - yes to all/[N]o/[P]rint):
则输入y并回车，程序安装运行，直到安装完成是，你将看到：
The install of dart-sdk was successful. Software installed to 'C:\tools'
如果你的组织/企业禁用了PowerSell，那么很遗憾，你将无法使用Chocolatey。必须指出PowerShell是Windows自动化的主要内容，因此在当今这个时代，禁用PowerShell并不是组织的常识。
Chocolatey的升级
如果你的电脑上已经安装了Chocolatey环境，仅仅希望升级，类似于ubuntu中升级apt工具的apt updata，您可以在PowerShell中使用以下命令对Chocolatey进行升级：
choco upgrade chocolatey
该命令也可以对Chocolatey安装的其它包进行更新，比如已经安装了Python，希望更新Python的版本，则可以使用命令：
choco upgrade python
另外，对于使用node.js的windows用户来说，你很可能在专门了解Chocolatey前就已经安装使用过该工具。安装完成node.js的Windows版本后，菜单中有个为node.js安装额外工具的脚本，它在某些机器上会自动在主程序安装后运行，也可手动点击：
运行后将弹出一个cmd窗口：
==================================================== Tools for Node.js Native Modules Installation Script ==================================================== This script will install Python and the Visual Studio Build Tools, necessary to compile Node.js native modules. Note that Chocolatey and required Windows updates will also be installed. This will require about 3 Gb of free disk space, plus any space necessary to install Windows updates. This will take a while to run. Please close all open programs for the duration of the installation. If the installation fails, please ensure Windows is fully updated, reboot your computer and try to run this again. This script can be found in the Start menu under Node.js. You can close this window to stop now. Detailed instructions to install these tools manually are available at https://github.com/nodejs/node-gyp#on-windows 请按任意键继续. . .
不断回车确认，直到程序开始，这时候该程序将先安装chocolatey，然后打开一个PowerShell窗口使用该包管理工具继续安装Python3、visual stdio等软件作为node.js的拓展工具，部分安装过程截图如下仅供参考：
Getting latest version of the Chocolatey package for download. Getting Chocolatey from https://chocolatey.org/api/v2/package/chocolatey/0.10.15. Extracting C:\Users\李俊才\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\chocInstall\chocolatey.zip to C:\Users\李俊才\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\chocInstall... Installing chocolatey on this machine Creating ChocolateyInstall as an environment variable (targeting 'Machine') Setting ChocolateyInstall to 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey' WARNING: It's very likely you will need to close and reopen your shell before you can use choco. Restricting write permissions to Administrators We are setting up the Chocolatey package repository. The packages themselves go to 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib' (i.e. C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\yourPackageName). A shim file for the command line goes to 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\bin' and points to an executable in 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\yourPackageName'. Creating Chocolatey folders if they do not already exist. WARNING: You can safely ignore errors related to missing log files when upgrading from a version of Chocolatey less than 0.9.9. 'Batch file could not be found' is also safe to ignore. 'The system cannot find the file specified' - also safe. 警告: Not setting tab completion: Profile file does not exist at 'C:\Users\李俊才\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\Microsoft.PowerShell_profile.ps1'. Chocolatey (choco.exe) is now ready. You can call choco from anywhere, command line or powershell by typing choco. Run choco /? for a list of functions. You may need to shut down and restart powershell and/or consoles first prior to using choco. Ensuring chocolatey commands are on the path Ensuring chocolatey.nupkg is in the lib folder Chocolatey v0.10.15 Upgrading the following packages: python;visualstudio2017-workload-vctools By upgrading you accept licenses for the packages. python is not installed. Installing... Progress: Downloading python3 3.9.1... 100% Progress: Downloading python3 3.9.1... 100% Progress: Downloading vcredist2015 14.0.24215.20170201... 100% Progress: Downloading vcredist2015 14.0.24215.20170201... 100% Progress: Downloading python 3.9.1... 100% Progress: Downloading python 3.9.1... 100% vcredist2015 v14.0.24215.20170201 [Approved] vcredist2015 package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. The upgrade of vcredist2015 was successful. Software install location not explicitly set, could be in package or default install location if installer. python3 v3.9.1 [Approved] python3 package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. Installing 64-bit python3... WARNING: Generic MSI Error. This is a local environment error, not an issue with a package or the MSI itself - it could mean a pending reboot is necessary prior to install or something else (like the same version is already installed). Please see MSI log if available. If not, try again adding '--install-arguments="'/l*v c:\python3_msi_install.log'"'. Then search the MSI Log for "Return Value 3" and look above that for the error. ERROR: Running ["C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\python3\tools\python-3.9.1-amd64.exe" /quiet InstallAllUsers=1 PrependPath=1 TargetDir="C:\Python39" ] was not successful. Exit code was '1603'. Exit code indicates the following: Generic MSI Error. This is a local environment error, not an issue with a package or the MSI itself - it could mean a pending reboot is necessary prior to install or something else (like the same version is already installed). Please see MSI log if available. If not, try again adding '--install-arguments="'/l*v c:\python3_msi_install.log'"'. Then search the MSI Log for "Return Value 3" and look above that for the error.. The upgrade of python3 was NOT successful. Error while running 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\lib\python3\tools\chocolateyInstall.ps1'. See log for details. python v3.9.1 [Approved] python package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. The upgrade of python was successful. Software install location not explicitly set, could be in package or default install location if installer. visualstudio2017-workload-vctools is not installed. Installing... Progress: Downloading chocolatey-visualstudio.extension 1.8.1... 100% Progress: Downloading chocolatey-visualstudio.extension 1.8.1... 100% Progress: Downloading chocolatey-visualstudio.extension 1.8.1... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio2017-workload-vctools 1.3.2... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio2017-workload-vctools 1.3.2... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio2017-workload-vctools 1.3.2... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio-installer 2.0.1... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio-installer 2.0.1... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio-installer 2.0.1... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio2017buildtools 15.9.31.0... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio2017buildtools 15.9.31.0... 100% Progress: Downloading visualstudio2017buildtools 15.9.31.0... 100% chocolatey-visualstudio.extension v1.8.1 [Approved] chocolatey-visualstudio.extension package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. Installed/updated chocolatey-visualstudio extensions. The upgrade of chocolatey-visualstudio.extension was successful. Software installed to 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\extensions\chocolatey-visualstudio' visualstudio-installer v2.0.1 [Approved] visualstudio-installer package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. The upgrade of visualstudio-installer was successful. Software install location not explicitly set, could be in package or default install location if installer. visualstudio2017buildtools v15.9.31.0 [Approved] visualstudio2017buildtools package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. Downloading channel manifest from 'https://aka.ms/vs/15/release/channel' Progress: 100% - Completed download of C:\Users\李俊才\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\chocolatey-visualstudio.extension\ChannelManifest_81725945.man (69.48 KB). Download of ChannelManifest_81725945.man (69.48 KB) completed. Downloading catalog manifest from 'https://download.visualstudio.microsoft.com/download/pr/010d871e-3fa8-4004-b219-1c10bcaa71ad/007e743d98343f0746d89c1e1466a533b5ce02dc8f2879b74bf9f5351fac14ea/VisualStudio.vsman' Progress: 100% - Completed download of C:\Users\李俊才\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\chocolatey-visualstudio.extension\Catalog_1250144725.man (7.94 MB). Download of Catalog_1250144725.man (7.94 MB) completed. Downloading visualstudio2017buildtools from 'https://download.visualstudio.microsoft.com/download/pr/010d871e-3fa8-4004-b219-1c10bcaa71ad/9140cad6afca4f123208c7be18c68a98b45a8e54c342cb15da8f8f242a63642c/vs_BuildTools.exe' Progress: 100% - Completed download of C:\Users\李俊才\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\visualstudio2017buildtools\15.9.31.0\vs_BuildTools.exe (1.2 MB). Download of vs_BuildTools.exe (1.2 MB) completed. Hashes match. Installing visualstudio2017buildtools... Preparing: C:\Users\???\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\73b9c8489010012f9ff5cfd1\vs_bootstrapper_d15\HelpFile\1055\help.html... Preparing: C:\Users\???\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\73b9c8489010012f9ff5cfd1\vs_bootstrapper_d15\HelpFile\3082\help.html... Preparing: C:\Users\???\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\73b9c8489010012f9ff5cfd1\vs_bootstrapper_d15\HelpFile\1036\help.html... Preparing: C:\Users\???\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\73b9c8489010012f9ff5cfd1\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Setup.Engine.dll... Preparing: C:\Users\???\AppData\Local\Temp\chocolatey\73b9c8489010012f9ff5cfd1\vs_bootstrapper_d15\Microsoft.VisualStudio.Telemetry.dll... WARNING: [7444] vs_setup_bootstrapper WARNING: Waiting for the processes to finish... WARNING: Found 5 still running Visual Studio installer processes: WARNING: [11196] vs_installer WARNING: [16708] vs_installerservice WARNING: [7784] vs_installershell WARNING: [11828] vs_installershell WARNING: Waiting for the processes to finish... WARNING: vs_installerservice process 16708 exited with code -1 visualstudio2017buildtools has been installed. visualstudio2017buildtools may be able to be automatically uninstalled. The upgrade of visualstudio2017buildtools was successful. Software installed to '"C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\Installer"' visualstudio2017-workload-vctools v1.3.2 [Approved] visualstudio2017-workload-vctools package files upgrade completed. Performing other installation steps. Installing visualstudio2017-workload-vctools... 2021-01-25T15:18:51 : Verbose : Received the application ready notification 2021-01-25T15:18:51 : Verbose : ProgressBarService listening to ipc channel: progress-bar 2021-01-25T15:18:51 : Verbose : LoggerIpcRpcService listening to ipc channel: LoggerService ...
3.使用Chocolatey安装常用的开发环境/软件
这里仅仅列举了一部分常用软件的安装命令，更多软件应该在Chocolatey包库中搜索。
安装Chocolatey GUI
choco install chocolateygui
运行时你将看到：
Chocolatey v0.10.15 Installing the following packages: chocolateygui By installing you accept licenses for the packages. Progress: Downloading ChocolateyGUI 0.17.2... 100% Progress: Downloading chocolatey-core.extension 1.3.5.1... 100% Progress: Downloading DotNet4.5.2 4.5.2.20140902... 100% chocolatey-core.extension v1.3.5.1 [Approved] chocolatey-core.extension package files install completed. Performing other installation steps. Installed/updated chocolatey-core extensions. The install of chocolatey-core.extension was successful. Software installed to 'C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\extensions\chocolatey-core' DotNet4.5.2 v4.5.2.20140902 [Approved] dotnet4.5.2 package files install completed. Performing other installation steps. The package DotNet4.5.2 wants to run 'ChocolateyInstall.ps1'. Note: If you don't run this script, the installation will fail. Note: To confirm automatically next time, use '-y' or consider: choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[A]ll - yes to all/[N]o/[P]rint): y Microsoft .Net 4.5.2 Framework is already installed on your machine. The install of dotnet4.5.2 was successful. Software install location not explicitly set, could be in package or default install location if installer. ChocolateyGUI v0.17.2 [Approved] chocolateygui package files install completed. Performing other installation steps. The package ChocolateyGUI wants to run 'chocolateyInstall.ps1'. Note: If you don't run this script, the installation will fail. Note: To confirm automatically next time, use '-y' or consider: choco feature enable -n allowGlobalConfirmation Do you want to run the script?([Y]es/[A]ll - yes to all/[N]o/[P]rint): y Installing ChocolateyGUI... ChocolateyGUI has been installed. Added C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\bin\chocolateygui.exe shim pointed to 'c:\program files (x86)\chocolatey gui\chocolateygui.exe'. Added C:\ProgramData\chocolatey\bin\chocolateyguicli.exe shim pointed to 'c:\program files (x86)\chocolatey gui\chocolateyguicli.exe'. chocolateygui may be able to be automatically uninstalled. The install of chocolateygui was successful. Software installed as 'msi', install location is likely default.
完成后，你将在菜单看到有新安装的软件Chocolatey GUI，如图：
这是一款Chocolatey 的可视化工具。
安装Dart SDK
choco install dart-sdk
安装docker
choco install docker-desktop
安装Python（默认当前的最新版本）
choco install python
如果用的是Python2，则可以使用命令
choco install python2
安装pip工具（Python安装软件包管理）
choco install pip
安装Anaconda（数据科学最受信任的Python发行版）
choco install anaconda3
安装Miniconda（Anaconda的mini版）
choco install miniconda3
安装JetBrains PyCharm（Python和科学开发的轻量级IDE）
choco install pycharm-community
安装Wing Python IDE（Wing Pro是专为专业程序员设计的功能齐全的Python IDE）
choco install wingide
安装Node.js
choco install nodejs.install
安装Java运行环境（JRE）
choco install javaruntime
安装Java8开发工具包（JDK）
choco install jdk8
安装Android SDK
choco install android-sdk
安装Android Studio
choco install androidstudio
安装OpenJDK（Oracle提供的开源Java开发工具包）
choco install openjdk
安装Go lang
choco install golang
安装Cppcheck（静态C / C ++代码分析工具）
choco install cppcheck
安装PHP
choco install php
安装Ruby
choco install ruby
安装Sass
choco install sass
安装Ghostscript（PostScript语言和PDF的解释器）
choco install Ghostscript
安装vim工具
choco install vim
安装OpenCV
choco install opencv
安装Rufus
choco install rufus
安装FileZilla Server（跨平台免费的FTP解决方案）
choco install filezilla.server
安装Putty（Windows和Unix平台的Telnet和SSH的免费实现）
choco install putty.install
安装NotePad++
choco install notepadplusplus
安装VisualStudio Code
choco install vscode
安装Eclipse
choco install eclipse
安装inkscape（Python编写的开源矢量图软件）
choco install inkscape
安装blender（带有Python接口的3D开源绘图软件）
choco install blender
安装OpenVPN(远程桌面软件)
choco install openvpn
安装SQLite
choco install sqlite
安装MySQL Community Server（开源数据库MySQL ）
choco install mysql
安装MySQL Workbench
choco install mysql.workbench
安装PostgreSql
choco install postgresql
安装MongoDB（用C ++编写的可扩展，高性能，开源NoSQL数据库）
choco install mongodb.install
安装DBeaver-社区版
choco install dbeaver
安装DB Browser for SQLite
choco install sqlitebrowser
安装GitHub桌面
choco install github-desktop
安装GitKraken（直观，快速，美观的跨平台Git客户端。）
choco install gitkraken
安装SmartFTP（FTP，FTPS，SFTP，HTTP，Amazon S3，WebDAV，Google Drive，Google Cloud Storage，Microsoft OneDrive，Telnet，终端客户端）
choco install smartftp
安装WinSCP
choco install winscp.install
安装VMware Workstation
choco install vmwareworkstation
安装vmware-tools(Windows系统实用程序，用于在VSphere下运行的VM)
choco install vmware-tools
安装Google Chrome浏览器
choco install google-chrome-x64
安装Mozilla Firefox浏览器
choco install firefoxesr
安装Windows的Linux环境 - Cygwin
choco install cygwin
安装Chromium 浏览器
choco install chromium
安装ConEmu (控制台仿真器）)
choco install conemu
安装Microsoft .NET Framework 4.6.1
choco install dotnet4.6.1
安装7Zip
choco install 7zip.portable
安装VisualStudio2017
choco install visualstudio2017enterprise
安装Sublime Text
choco install sublimetext3
安装JetBrains IntelliJ IDEA （Java编辑器）
choco install intellijidea-community
安装NetWide Assembler （针对Intel x86系列处理器的汇编程序）
choco install nasm
安装MinGW-w64（适用于Windows 64和32位的GCC。）
choco install mingw
安装OBS Studio（免费和开源软件，用于视频录制和实时流。）
choco install obs-studio
安装ShareX（屏幕截图工具）
choco install sharex
适用于Linux的Windows子系统
choco install wsl
