前言
RESTful
一、RESTful简介
REST:Representational State Transfer,表现层资源状态转移。
- 资源
资源是一种看待服务器的方式,即,将服务器看作是由很多离散的资源组成。每个资源是服务器上一个可命名的抽象概念。因为资源是一个抽象的概念,所以它不仅仅能代表服务器文件系统中的一个文件、数据库中的一张表等等具体的东西,可以将资源设计的要多抽象有多抽象,只要想象力允许而且客户端应用开发者能够理解。与面向对象设计类似,资源是以名词为核心来组织的,首先关注的是名词。一个资源可以由一个或多个URI来标识。URI既是资源的名称,也是资源在Web上的地址。对某个资源感兴趣的客户端应用,可以通过资源的URI与其进行交互。 - 资源的表述
资源的表述是一段对于资源在某个特定时刻的状态的描述。可以在客户端-服务器端之间转移(交换)。资源的表述可以有多种格式,例如HTML/XML/JSON/纯文本/图片/视频/音频等等。资源的表述格式可以通过协商机制来确定。请求-响应方向的表述通常使用不同的格式。 - 状态转移
状态转移说的是:在客户端和服务器端之间转移(transfer)代表资源状态的表述。通过转移和操作资源的表述,来间接实现操作资源的目的。
二、RESTful的实现
具体说,就是 HTTP 协议里面,四个表示操作方式的动词:GET、POST、PUT、DELETE。
它们分别对应四种基本操作:GET 用来获取资源
,POST 用来新建资源
,PUT 用来更新资源
,DELETE用来删除资源
。
REST 风格提倡 URL 地址使用统一的风格设计,从前到后各个单词使用斜杠分开,不使用问号键值对方式携带请求参数,而是将要发送给服务器的数据作为 URL 地址的一部分,以保证整体风格的一致性。
操作 | 传统方式 | REST风格 |
查询操作 | getUserById?id=1 | user/1–>get请求方式 |
保存操作 | saveUser | user–>post请求方式 |
删除操作 | deleteUser?id=1 | user/1–>delete请求方式 |
更新操作 | updateUser | user–>put请求方式 |
三、HiddenHttpMethodFilter
由于浏览器只支持发送get和post方式的请求,那么该如何发送put和delete请求呢?
SpringMVC 提供了 HiddenHttpMethodFilter 帮助我们将 POST 请求转换为 DELETE
或 PUT
请求HiddenHttpMethodFilter 处理put和delete请求的条件:
- 当前请求的请求方式必须为post
- 当前请求必须传输请求参数_method
满足以上条件,HiddenHttpMethodFilter 过滤器就会将当前请求的请求方式转换为请求参数_method
的值,因此请求参数_method的值才是最终的请求方式。
在web.xml中注册HiddenHttpMethodFilter:
<filter> <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name> <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filterclass> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping>
注:
SpringMVC中提供了两个过滤器:CharacterEncodingFilter和HiddenHttpMethodFilter。在web.xml中注册时,必须先注册CharacterEncodingFilter,再注册HiddenHttpMethodFilter。
原因:
在 CharacterEncodingFilter 中通过request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding) 方法设置字
符集的request.setCharacterEncoding(encoding) 方法要求前面不能有任何获取请求参数的操作。
而 HiddenHttpMethodFilter 恰恰有一个获取请求方式的操作:
String paramValue = request.getParameter(this.methodParam);
四、源码实例
实现:和传统 CRUD 一样,实现对员工信息的增删改查。
功能 | URL地址 | 请求方式 |
访问首页√ | / | GET |
查询全部数据√ | /employee | GET |
删除√ | /employee/2 | DELETE |
跳转到添加数据页面√ | /toAdd | GET |
执行保存√ | /employee | POST |
跳转到更新数据页面√ | /employee/2 | GET |
执行更新√ | /employee | PUT |
1.工程文件图
红框内是用到的文件,其他不需要管,注意文件夹结构。
2.Employee实体类
package com.dragon.mvc.bean; public class Employee { private Integer id; private String lastName; private String email; //1 male, 0 female private Integer gender; public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getLastName() { return lastName; } public void setLastName(String lastName) { this.lastName = lastName; } public String getEmail() { return email; } public void setEmail(String email) { this.email = email; } public Integer getGender() { return gender; } public void setGender(Integer gender) { this.gender = gender; } public Employee() { } public Employee(Integer id, String lastName, String email, Integer gender) { this.id = id; this.lastName = lastName; this.email = email; this.gender = gender; } }
2.dao层:EmployeeDao类
package com.dragon.mvc.dao; import com.dragon.mvc.bean.Employee; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; import java.util.Collection; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; @Repository public class EmployeeDao { private static Map<Integer, Employee> employees = null; static{ employees = new HashMap<Integer, Employee>(); employees.put(1001, new Employee(1001, "E-AA", "aa@163.com", 1)); employees.put(1002, new Employee(1002, "E-BB", "bb@163.com", 1)); employees.put(1003, new Employee(1003, "E-CC", "cc@163.com", 0)); employees.put(1004, new Employee(1004, "E-DD", "dd@163.com", 0)); employees.put(1005, new Employee(1005, "E-EE", "ee@163.com", 1)); } private static Integer initId = 1006; public void save(Employee employee){ if(employee.getId() == null){ employee.setId(initId++); } employees.put(employee.getId(), employee); } public Collection<Employee> getAll(){ return employees.values(); } public Employee get(Integer id){ return employees.get(id); } public void delete(Integer id){ employees.remove(id); } }
3.首页:index.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" > <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <h1>首页</h1> <a th:href="@{/employee}">访问员工信息</a> </body> </html>
4.控制层:EmployeeController类
package com.dragon.mvc.controller; import com.dragon.mvc.bean.Employee; import com.dragon.mvc.dao.EmployeeDao; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.ui.Model; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; import java.util.Collection; @Controller public class EmployeeController { @Autowired private EmployeeDao employeeDao; @RequestMapping(value = "/employee",method = RequestMethod.GET) public String getAllEmpolyee(Model model){ Collection<Employee> employeelist=employeeDao.getAll(); model.addAttribute("employeelist",employeelist); return "employee_list"; } @RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.DELETE) public String deleteEmployee(@PathVariable("id") Integer id){ employeeDao.delete(id); return "redirect:/employee"; } @RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.POST) public String addEmployee(Employee employee){ employeeDao.save(employee); return "redirect:/employee"; } @RequestMapping(value = "/employee/{id}", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String getEmployeeById(@PathVariable("id") Integer id, Model model){ Employee employee = employeeDao.get(id); model.addAttribute("employee", employee); return "employee_update"; } @RequestMapping(value = "/employee", method = RequestMethod.PUT) public String updateEmployee(Employee employee){ employeeDao.save(employee); return "redirect:/employee"; } }
5.employee_add.html页面
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>add employee</title> </head> <body> <form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post"> lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName"><br> email:<input type="text" name="email"><br> gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1">male<br> <input type="radio" name="gender" value="0">female<br> <input type="submit" value="add"> </form> </body> </html>
6.employee_list.html页面
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Employee info</title> </head> <body> <table id="dataTable" border="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: center"> <tr> <th colspan="5">Employee Info</th> </tr> <tr> <th>id</th> <th>lastname</th> <th>email</th> <th>gender</th> <th>options (<a th:href="@{/toAdd}">add</a>)</th> </tr> <tr th:each="employee : ${employeelist}"> <td th:text="${employee.id}"></td> <td th:text="${employee.lastName}"></td> <td th:text="${employee.email}"></td> <td th:text="${employee.gender}"></td> <td> <a class="deleteA" @click="deleteEmployee" th:href="@{'/employee/'+${employee.id}}">delete</a> <a th:href="@{'/employee/'+${employee.id}}">update</a> </td> </tr> </table> <form id="deleteForm" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete"> </form> <script type="text/javascript" th:src="@{/static/js/vue.js}"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> var vue=new Vue({ el:"#dataTable", methods:{ deleteEmployee:function (event) { var delete_form = document.getElementById("deleteForm"); delete_form.action = event.target.href; delete_form.submit(); event.preventDefault(); } } }); </script> </body> </html>
7.employee_update.html页面
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Update Employee</title> </head> <body> <form th:action="@{/employee}" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="put"> <input type="hidden" name="id" th:value="${employee.id}"> lastName:<input type="text" name="lastName" th:value="${employee.lastName}"> <br> email:<input type="text" name="email" th:value="${employee.email}"><br> <!-- th:field="${employee.gender}"可用于单选框或复选框的回显 若单选框的value和employee.gender的值一致,则添加checked="checked"属性 --> gender:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="1" th:field="${employee.gender}">male <input type="radio" name="gender" value="0" th:field="${employee.gender}">female<br> <input type="submit" value="update"><br> </form> </body> </html>
8.web.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd" version="4.0"> <!-- 注册springMVC的前端控制器,对浏览器所发送的请求统一进行处理 在此配置下,springMVC的配置文件具有默认的位置和名称 默认的位置:WEB-INF 默认的名称:<servlet-name>-servlet.xml 若要为springMVC的配置文件设置自定义的位置和名称 需要在servlet标签中添加init-param <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath:springMVC.xml</param-value> </init-param> load-on-startup:将前端控制器DispatcherServlet的初始化时间提前到服务器启动时 --> <servlet> <servlet-name>springMVC</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath:springMVC.xml</param-value> </init-param> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>springMVC</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <filter> <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name> <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class> <init-param> <param-name>encoding</param-name> <param-value>UTF-8</param-value> </init-param> <init-param> <param-name>forceResponseEncoding</param-name> <param-value>true</param-value> </init-param> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> <filter> <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name> <filter-class>org.springframework.web.filter.HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-class> </filter> <filter-mapping> <filter-name>HiddenHttpMethodFilter</filter-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </filter-mapping> </web-app>
9.springMVC.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:mvc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context https://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc https://www.springframework.org/schema/mvc/spring-mvc.xsd"> <!--扫描控制层组件--> <context:component-scan base-package="com.dragon.mvc"></context:component-scan> <!-- 配置Thymeleaf视图解析器 --> <bean id="viewResolver" class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.view.ThymeleafViewResolver"> <property name="order" value="1"/> <property name="characterEncoding" value="UTF-8"/> <property name="templateEngine"> <bean class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.SpringTemplateEngine"> <property name="templateResolver"> <bean class="org.thymeleaf.spring5.templateresolver.SpringResourceTemplateResolver"> <!-- 视图前缀 --> <property name="prefix" value="/WEB-INF/templates/"/> <!-- 视图后缀 --> <property name="suffix" value=".html"/> <property name="templateMode" value="HTML5"/> <property name="characterEncoding" value="UTF-8" /> </bean> </property> </bean> </property> </bean> <!-- 开放对静态资源的访问--> <mvc:default-servlet-handler/> <!-- path:设置处理的请求地址 view-name:设置请求地址所对应的视图名称 --> <mvc:view-controller path="/" view-name="index"></mvc:view-controller> <mvc:view-controller path="/toAdd" view-name="employee_add"></mvc:view-controller> <mvc:annotation-driven /> </beans>
总结
以上就是RESTful的讲解。