前言：
通常情况下，我们对数据库的增删改查的时候，为了确保数据的安全，需要备份表，那么，一种方法是通过pg_dump 这个工具做SQL转储操作，此方法比较复杂，麻烦，但十分的安全，可靠性也基本是百分百，但对于大表备份，十分耗时并且可能有锁表的情况发生，另一种常用方法是复制原表，当表数据不是很大的时候，此方式非常方便，快捷。
postgresql的表复制是和oracle或者MySQL有所不同的，但，差异不是太大。
本文将就表复制这一操作做一个详细的解读，计划使用常用的emp表来做示例。
一，
示例的emp表的建立
####注：此建表SQL语句适用于postgresql
-- 创建数据表 CREATE TABLE dept ( deptno NUMERIC CONSTRAINT PK_DEPT PRIMARY KEY, dname VARCHAR(14) , loc VARCHAR(13) ) ; CREATE TABLE emp ( empno NUMERIC CONSTRAINT PK_EMP PRIMARY KEY, ename VARCHAR(10), job VARCHAR(9), mgr NUMERIC, hiredate DATE, sal NUMERIC(7,2), comm NUMERIC(7,2), deptno NUMERIC(2) CONSTRAINT FK_DEPTNO REFERENCES DEPT ); CREATE TABLE bonus ( enamE VARCHAR(10) , job VARCHAR(9) , sal NUMERIC, comm NUMERIC ) ; CREATE TABLE salgrade ( grade NUMERIC, losal NUMERIC, hisal NUMERIC ); -- 插入测试数据 —— dept INSERT INTO dept VALUES (10,'ACCOUNTING','NEW YORK'); INSERT INTO dept VALUES (20,'RESEARCH','DALLAS'); INSERT INTO dept VALUES (30,'SALES','CHICAGO'); INSERT INTO dept VALUES (40,'OPERATIONS','BOSTON'); -- 插入测试数据 —— emp INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7369,'SMITH','CLERK',7902,to_date('17-12-1980','dd-mm-yyyy'),800,NULL,20); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7499,'ALLEN','SALESMAN',7698,to_date('20-2-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),1600,300,30); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7521,'WARD','SALESMAN',7698,to_date('22-2-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),1250,500,30); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7566,'JONES','MANAGER',7839,to_date('2-4-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),2975,NULL,20); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7654,'MARTIN','SALESMAN',7698,to_date('28-9-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),1250,1400,30); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7698,'BLAKE','MANAGER',7839,to_date('1-5-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),2850,NULL,30); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7782,'CLARK','MANAGER',7839,to_date('9-6-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),2450,NULL,10); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7788,'SCOTT','ANALYST',7566,to_date('13-07-87','dd-mm-yyyy')-85,3000,NULL,20); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7839,'KING','PRESIDENT',NULL,to_date('17-11-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),5000,NULL,10); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7844,'TURNER','SALESMAN',7698,to_date('8-9-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),1500,0,30); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7876,'ADAMS','CLERK',7788,to_date('13-07-87','dd-mm-yyyy')-51,1100,NULL,20); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7900,'JAMES','CLERK',7698,to_date('3-12-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),950,NULL,30); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7902,'FORD','ANALYST',7566,to_date('3-12-1981','dd-mm-yyyy'),3000,NULL,20); INSERT INTO emp VALUES (7934,'MILLER','CLERK',7782,to_date('23-1-1982','dd-mm-yyyy'),1300,NULL,10); -- 插入测试数据 —— salgrade INSERT INTO salgrade VALUES (1,700,1200); INSERT INTO salgrade VALUES (2,1201,1400); INSERT INTO salgrade VALUES (3,1401,2000); INSERT INTO salgrade VALUES (4,2001,3000); INSERT INTO salgrade VALUES (5,3001,9999); -- 事务提交 COMMIT;
二，
示例表的介绍
观察emp表，关注此表都有哪些约束，外键，主键
emp表创建在test这个数据库内
test=# \c You are now connected to database "test" as user "postgres". test=# \dt List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner --------+----------+-------+---------- public | bonus | table | postgres public | dept | table | postgres public | emp | table | postgres public | salgrade | table | postgres public | tmp | table | postgres (5 rows)
有两个索引：
test=# \di List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner | Table --------+---------+-------+----------+------- public | pk_dept | index | postgres | dept public | pk_emp | index | postgres | emp
emp表有一个btree主键，一个关联dept（部门）的外键，empno字段有一个非空约束。
test=# \d emp Table "public.emp" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | not null | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | Indexes: "pk_emp" PRIMARY KEY, btree (empno) Foreign-key constraints: "fk_deptno" FOREIGN KEY (deptno) REFERENCES dept(deptno)
OK，emp的结构现在基本是清晰明了的了。
三，
复制表的六种方式
第一种
as select
全表复制----复制表结构和表数据，但不包括约束，主键，索引，外键
###此种方法会锁表，请谨慎操作大表
test=# create table emp1 as select * from emp; SELECT 14
查看复制出来的emp1表各项数据：
test=# select * from emp1; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 0087-04-19 | 3000.00 | | 20 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 0087-05-23 | 1100.00 | | 20 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 (14 rows)
可以看到，emp1复制成功了emp的表结构和表数据，但索引，主键，外键，约束没有了
由此，我们可以得出结论，该表复制方法并不能做到百分百的复制，索引和主外键以及约束是不复制的，表数据和表结构都会完整复制。
究其原因，索引和主外键以及约束的名称是不可重复的，postgresql是没有办法复制的。
test=# \d emp1 Table "public.emp1" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | |
test=# alter table emp1 add constraint pk_emp primary key(empno); ERROR: relation "pk_emp" already exists
第二种表复制
as table
全表复制-----复制表结构和表数据，但不包括约束，主键，索引，外键
test=# create table emp2 as table emp; SELECT 14
和as select基本没有区别，可以只复制表结构而不复制表数据---with no data：
test=# create table emp3 as table emp with no data; CREATE TABLE AS test=# test=# \dt List of relations Schema | Name | Type | Owner --------+----------+-------+---------- public | bonus | table | postgres public | dept | table | postgres public | emp | table | postgres public | emp1 | table | postgres public | emp2 | table | postgres public | emp3 | table | postgres public | salgrade | table | postgres public | tmp | table | postgres (8 rows) test=# select * from emp3; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+-------+-----+-----+----------+-----+------+-------- (0 rows)
第三种表复制：
into复制
全表复制----复制表结构和表数据，但不包括约束，主键，索引，外键
###此种方法会锁表，请谨慎操作大表
test=# select * into emp4 from emp; SELECT 14 test=# \d emp4 Table "public.emp4" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | test=# select * from emp4; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 0087-04-19 | 3000.00 | | 20 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 0087-05-23 | 1100.00 | | 20 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 (14 rows)
第四种表复制：
llike复制
----此方法非常重要，可以include 指定复制索引，主键，约束，但不包含外键，只复制表结构，不复制表数据
est=# create table emp5 (like emp); CREATE TABLE test=# \d emp5 Table "public.emp5" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | not null | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | test=# select * from emp5; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+-------+-----+-----+----------+-----+------+-------- (0 rows)
如果希望索引、主键约束和唯一约束被复制的话，那么需要指定INCLUDING INDEXES
- including constraints ：CHECK约束
- including indexes ：主键约束 和索引约束
- including comments：注释
- including defaults：复制序列 （复制default now(),sequence这类）
test=# create table emp7 (like emp INCLUDING INDEXES INCLUDING DEFAULTS); CREATE TABLE test=# select * from emp7; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+-------+-----+-----+----------+-----+------+-------- (0 rows) test=# \d emp7 Table "public.emp7" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | not null | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | Indexes: "emp7_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (empno)
第五种复制
继承复制
这种复制表的方法和其他方法有所区别，任何针对父表的修改通常也会自动修改子表，可以简单理解为单向映射，不可对子表更改，子表存在的时候不可以删除父表。
test=# create table emp6 (note text not null) inherits (emp); CREATE TABLE test=# \d emp6 Table "public.emp6" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | not null | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | note | text | | not null | Inherits: emp test=# select * from emp6; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno | note -------+-------+-----+-----+----------+-----+------+--------+------ (0 rows)
此时对父表的更改将会作用到继承表：
test=# alter table emp add column city varchar; ALTER TABLE test=# \d emp6 Table "public.emp6" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | not null | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | note | text | | not null | city | character varying | | | Inherits: emp test=# alter table emp6 drop column city; ERROR: cannot drop inherited column "city" test=# drop table emp; ERROR: cannot drop table emp because other objects depend on it DETAIL: table emp6 depends on table emp HINT: Use DROP ... CASCADE to drop the dependent objects too.
第六种表复制：
insert 复制
----也就是填充表数据的方法，此方法需要复制目标存在，因此，可以利用第四种方法 ， 先 生成表结构，然后填充数据
以上面第四种方法创建的emp7表为例，填充emp表的数据到emp7表内：
test=# insert into emp7 select * from emp; INSERT 0 14
test=# select * from emp7; empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno -------+--------+-----------+------+------------+---------+---------+-------- 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800.00 | | 20 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600.00 | 300.00 | 30 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250.00 | 500.00 | 30 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 | 30 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850.00 | | 30 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450.00 | | 10 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 0087-04-19 | 3000.00 | | 20 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | | 1981-11-17 | 5000.00 | | 10 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500.00 | 0.00 | 30 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 0087-05-23 | 1100.00 | | 20 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950.00 | | 30 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000.00 | | 20 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300.00 | | 10 7566 | JONES1 | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975.00 | | 20 (14 rows) test=# \d emp7 Table "public.emp7" Column | Type | Collation | Nullable | Default ----------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+--------- empno | numeric | | not null | ename | character varying(10) | | | job | character varying(9) | | | mgr | numeric | | | hiredate | date | | | sal | numeric(7,2) | | | comm | numeric(7,2) | | | deptno | numeric(2,0) | | | Indexes: "emp7_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (empno)
可以看到，主键名称是表名，是btree类型的，约束存在的，只是缺少一个外键，因此，重新创建一个外键，就基本是%100复制了。
总结：
复制表推荐使用第四个方法和第六个方法结合，会省掉一点点麻烦，如果需要复制表强一致的话。
需要注意，表复制会导致锁表，因此，大表需要谨慎操作。
