一、Java注解
1.1 简介
Java注解是附加在代码中的一些元信息,用于一些工具在编译、运行时进行解析和使用,起到说明、配置的功能。注解相关类都包含在java.lang.annotation包中。
1.2 分类
1.2.1 JDK基本注解
- @Override 重写
- @SuppressWarnings(value = “unchecked”) 压制编辑器警告
1.2.2 JDK元注解
@Retention://定义注解的保留策略 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) //注解仅存在于源码中,在class字节码文件中不包含 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.CLASS) //默认的保留策略,注解会在class字节码文件中存在,但运行时无法获得, @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) //注解会在class字节码文件中存在,在运行时可以通过反射获取到 @Target://指定被修饰的Annotation可以放置的位置(被修饰的目标) @Target(ElementType.TYPE) //接口、类 @Target(ElementType.FIELD) //属性 @Target(ElementType.METHOD) //方法 @Target(ElementType.PARAMETER) //方法参数 @Target(ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR) //构造函数 @Target(ElementType.LOCAL_VARIABLE) //局部变量 @Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE) //注解 @Target(ElementType.PACKAGE) //包 //注:可以指定多个位置,例如: @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE}),//也就是此注解可以在方法和类上面使用 @Inherited://指定被修饰的Annotation将具有继承性 @Documented://指定被修饰的该Annotation可以被javadoc工具提取成文档.
1.3 自定义注解
注解分类(根据Annotation是否包含成员变量,可以把Annotation分为两类):
- 标记Annotation:没有成员变量的Annotation; 这种Annotation仅利用自身的存在与否来提供信息
- 元数据Annotation:包含成员变量的Annotation; 它们可以接受(和提供)更多的元数据
二、使用自定义注解
pom.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.3.7.RELEASE</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <groupId>com.xqx</groupId> <artifactId>spboottest01</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <name>spboottest01</name> <description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description> <properties> <java.version>8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <!-- <scope>test</scope>--> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
2.1 案例一(获取类与方法上的注解值)
package com.xqx.annotation.pi; public enum TranscationModel { Read, Write, ReadWrite }
package com.xqx.annotation.pi; import java.lang.annotation.*; /** * MyAnnotation1注解可以用在类、接口、属性、方法上 * 注解运行期也保留 * 不可继承 */ @Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.FIELD,ElementType.METHOD}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented public @interface MyAnnotation1 { String name(); }
package com.zking.annotation.pi; import java.lang.annotation.*; /** * MyAnnotation2注解可以用在方法上 * 注解运行期也保留 * 不可继承 */ @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented public @interface MyAnnotation2 { TranscationModel model() default TranscationModel.ReadWrite; }
package com.xqx.annotation.pi; import java.lang.annotation.*; /** * MyAnnotation3注解可以用在方法上 * 注解运行期也保留 * 可继承 */ @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Inherited @Documented public @interface MyAnnotation3 { TranscationModel[] models() default TranscationModel.ReadWrite; }
package com.xqx.annotation.pi; /** * 获取类与方法上的注解值 */ @MyAnnotation1(name = "xqx") public class Demo1 { @MyAnnotation1(name = "xxq") private Integer age; @MyAnnotation2(model = TranscationModel.Read) public void list() { System.out.println("list"); } @MyAnnotation3(models = {TranscationModel.Read, TranscationModel.Write}) public void edit() { System.out.println("edit"); } }
package com.xqx.annotation.pi; import org.junit.Test; public class Demo1Test { @Test public void list() throws Exception { // 获取类上的注解 MyAnnotation1 annotation1 = Demo1.class.getAnnotation(MyAnnotation1.class); System.out.println(annotation1.name());//xqx // 获取方法上的注解 MyAnnotation2 myAnnotation2 = Demo1.class.getMethod("list").getAnnotation(MyAnnotation2.class); System.out.println(myAnnotation2.model());//Read // 获取属性上的注解 MyAnnotation1 myAnnotation1 = Demo1.class.getDeclaredField("age").getAnnotation(MyAnnotation1.class); System.out.println(myAnnotation1.name());// xxq } @Test public void edit() throws Exception { MyAnnotation3 myAnnotation3 = Demo1.class.getMethod("edit").getAnnotation(MyAnnotation3.class); for (TranscationModel model : myAnnotation3.models()) { System.out.println(model);//Read,Write } } }
执行list():
执行edit():
2.2 案例二(获取类属性上的注解属性值)
package com.xqx.annotation.p2; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; /** * @author 小李飞刀 * @site www.javaxl.com */ //@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target(ElementType.FIELD) public @interface TestAnnotation { String value() default "默认value值"; String what() default "这里是默认的what属性对应的值"; }
package com.xqx.annotation.p2; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; //@Retention(RetentionPolicy.SOURCE) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target(ElementType.FIELD) public @interface TestAnnotation { String value() default "默认value值"; String what() default "这里是默认的what属性对应的值"; }
package com.xqx.annotation.p2; public class Demo2 { @TestAnnotation(value = "这就是value对应的值_msg1", what = "这就是what对应的值_msg1") private static String msg1; @TestAnnotation("这就是value对应的值1") private static String msg2; @TestAnnotation(value = "这就是value对应的值2") private static String msg3; @TestAnnotation(what = "这就是what对应的值") private static String msg4; }
package com.xqx.annotation.p2; import org.junit.Test; public class Demo2Test { @Test public void test1() throws Exception { TestAnnotation msg1 = Demo2.class.getDeclaredField("msg1").getAnnotation(TestAnnotation.class); System.out.println(msg1.value()); System.out.println(msg1.what()); } @Test public void test2() throws Exception{ TestAnnotation msg2 = Demo2.class.getDeclaredField("msg2").getAnnotation(TestAnnotation.class); System.out.println(msg2.value()); System.out.println(msg2.what()); } @Test public void test3() throws Exception{ TestAnnotation msg3 = Demo2.class.getDeclaredField("msg3").getAnnotation(TestAnnotation.class); System.out.println(msg3.value()); System.out.println(msg3.what()); } @Test public void test4() throws Exception{ TestAnnotation msg4 = Demo2.class.getDeclaredField("msg4").getAnnotation(TestAnnotation.class); System.out.println(msg4.value()); System.out.println(msg4.what()); } }
执行test1():
执行test2():
执行test3():
2.3 案例三(获取参数修饰注解对应的属性值)
package com.xqx.annotation.p3; import java.lang.annotation.*; /** * 非空注解:使用在方法的参数上,false表示此参数可以为空,true不能为空 */ @Documented @Target({ElementType.PARAMETER}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface IsNotNull { boolean value() default false; }
package com.xqx.annotation.p3; /** * 获取参数修饰注解对应的属性值 */ public class Demo3 { public void hello1(@IsNotNull(true) String name) { System.out.println("hello:" + name); } public void hello2(@IsNotNull String name) { System.out.println("hello:" + name); } }
package com.xqx.annotation.p3; import org.junit.Test; import java.lang.reflect.Parameter; public class Demo3Test { @Test public void hello1() throws Exception { Demo3 demo3 = new Demo3(); for (Parameter parameter : demo3.getClass().getMethod("hello1", String.class).getParameters()) { IsNotNull annotation = parameter.getAnnotation(IsNotNull.class); if(annotation != null){ System.out.println(annotation.value());//true } } } @Test public void hello2() throws Exception { Demo3 demo3 = new Demo3(); for (Parameter parameter : demo3.getClass().getMethod("hello2", String.class).getParameters()) { IsNotNull annotation = parameter.getAnnotation(IsNotNull.class); if(annotation != null){ System.out.println(annotation.value());//false } } } @Test public void hello3() throws Exception { // 模拟浏览器传递到后台的参数 解读@requestParam String name = "zs"; Demo3 demo3 = new Demo3(); Method method = demo3.getClass().getMethod("hello1", String.class); for (Parameter parameter : method.getParameters()) { IsNotNull annotation = parameter.getAnnotation(IsNotNull.class); if(annotation != null){ System.out.println(annotation.value());//true if (annotation.value() && !"".equals(name)){ method.invoke(demo3,name); } } } } }
执行hello()1:
执行hello()2:
执行hello()3:
三、Aop自定义注解的应用
AOP(面向切面编程)是一种编程范式,用于将横切关注点(如日志记录、事务管理等)与主要业务逻辑分离。它通过在程序中定义切面(Aspect)来实现这种分离。切面是一组与特定关注点相关的行为,它可以被模块化并应用到多个不同的对象中。AOP的目标是提高代码的模块性、可重用性和可维护性。
pom.xml
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-aop</artifactId> </dependency>
自定义注解
package com.xqx.annotation.aop; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface MyLog { String desc(); }
applicationContext.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:aop="http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop http://www.springframework.org/schema/aop/spring-aop.xsd"> <!--1. 注解式开发 --> <!-- 注解驱动 --> <context:annotation-config/> <!-- 用注解方式注入bean,并指定查找范围:com.javaxl.ssh2及子子孙孙包--> <context:component-scan base-package="com.xqx"/> <!--开启动态代理--> <aop:aspectj-autoproxy /> </beans>
应用注解
package com.xqx.annotation.aop; import org.aspectj.lang.JoinPoint; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Aspect; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Before; import org.aspectj.lang.annotation.Pointcut; import org.aspectj.lang.reflect.MethodSignature; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component @Aspect public class MyLogAspect { private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(MyLogAspect.class); /** * 只要用到了com.javaxl.p2.annotation.springAop.MyLog这个注解的,就是目标类 */ @Pointcut("@annotation(com.xqx.annotation.aop.MyLog)") private void MyValid() { } @Before("MyValid()") public void before(JoinPoint joinPoint) { MethodSignature signature = (MethodSignature) joinPoint.getSignature(); logger.debug("[" + signature.getName() + " : start.....]"); System.out.println("[" + signature.getName() + " : start.....]"); MyLog myLog = signature.getMethod().getAnnotation(MyLog.class); logger.debug("【目标对象方法被调用时候产生的日志,记录到日志表中】:"+myLog.desc()); System.out.println("【目标对象方法被调用时候产生的日志,记录到日志表中】:" + myLog.desc()); } }
package com.xqx.annotation.aop; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; @Component public class LogController { @MyLog(desc = "这是结合spring aop知识,讲解自定义注解应用的一个案例") public void testLogAspect(){ System.out.println("哈哈哈哈"); } }
package com.xqx.annotation.aop; import org.junit.runner.RunWith; import org.springframework.test.context.ContextConfiguration; import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner; @RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class) // @ContextConfiguration(locations={"classpath:applicationContext.xml"}) @SpringBootTest public class BaseTestCase { }
package com.xqx.annotation.aop; import org.junit.Test; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; public class LogControllerTest extends BaseTestCase { @Autowired private LogController logController; @Test public void testLogAspect(){ logController.testLogAspect(); } }