Java全能学习+面试指南:https://javaxiaobear.cn
IoC 是 Inversion of Control 的简写,译为“控制反转”,它不是一门技术,而是一种设计思想,是一个重要的面向对象编程法则,能够指导我们如何设计出松耦合、更优良的程序。
Spring 通过 IoC 容器来管理所有 Java 对象的实例化和初始化,控制对象与对象之间的依赖关系。我们将由 IoC 容器管理的 Java 对象称为 Spring Bean,它与使用关键字 new 创建的 Java 对象没有任何区别。
IoC 容器是 Spring 框架中最重要的核心组件之一,它贯穿了 Spring 从诞生到成长的整个过程。
1.1、IoC容器
1.1.1、控制反转(IoC)
- 控制反转是一种思想。
- 控制反转是为了降低程序耦合度,提高程序扩展力。
- 控制反转,反转的是什么?
- 将对象的创建权利交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
- 将对象和对象之间关系的维护权交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
- 控制反转这种思想如何实现呢?
- DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入
1.1.2、依赖注入
DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入,依赖注入实现了控制反转的思想。
依赖注入:
- 指Spring创建对象的过程中,将对象依赖属性通过配置进行注入
依赖注入常见的实现方式包括两种:
- 第一种:set注入
- 第二种:构造注入
所以结论是:IOC 就是一种控制反转的思想, 而 DI 是对IoC的一种具体实现。
Bean管理说的是:Bean对象的创建,以及Bean对象中属性的赋值(或者叫做Bean对象之间关系的维护)。
1.1.1.IoC容器在Spring的实现
Spring 的 IoC 容器就是 IoC思想的一个落地的产品实现。IoC容器中管理的组件也叫做 bean。在创建 bean 之前,首先需要创建IoC 容器。Spring 提供了IoC 容器的两种实现方式:
①BeanFactory
这是 IoC 容器的基本实现,是 Spring 内部使用的接口。面向 Spring 本身,不提供给开发人员使用。
②ApplicationContext
BeanFactory 的子接口,提供了更多高级特性。面向 Spring 的使用者,几乎所有场合都使用 ApplicationContext 而不是底层的 BeanFactory。
③ApplicationContext的主要实现类
类型名 | 简介 |
ClassPathXmlApplicationContext | 通过读取类路径下的 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象 |
FileSystemXmlApplicationContext | 通过文件系统路径读取 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象 |
ConfigurableApplicationContext | ApplicationContext 的子接口,包含一些扩展方法 refresh() 和 close() ,让 ApplicationContext 具有启动、关闭和刷新上下文的能力。 |
WebApplicationContext | 专门为 Web 应用准备,基于 Web 环境创建 IOC 容器对象,并将对象引入存入 ServletContext 域中。 |
1.2、基于XML管理Bean
1.2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml
①搭建模块
搭建方式如:spring-first
②引入配置文件
引入spring-first模块配置文件:beans.xml、log4j2.xml
③添加依赖
<dependencies> <!--spring context依赖--> <!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后,表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>6.0.1./version> </dependency> <!--junit5测试--> <dependency> <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId> <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId> <version>5.1.1</version> </dependency> <!--log4j2的依赖--> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId> <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId> <version>2.19.0</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId> <artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId> <version>2.19.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
④引入java类
引入spring-first模块java及test目录下实体类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; public class HelloWorld { public HelloWorld() { System.out.println("无参数构造方法执行"); } public void sayHello(){ System.out.println("helloworld"); } }
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; public class HelloWorldTest { private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldTest.class); @Test public void testHelloWorld(){ } }
1.2.2、实验一:获取bean
①方式一:根据id获取
由于 id 属性指定了 bean 的唯一标识,所以根据 bean 标签的 id 属性可以精确获取到一个组件对象。上个实验中我们使用的就是这种方式。
②方式二:根据类型获取
@Test public void testHelloWorld1(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml"); HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean(HelloWorld.class); bean.sayHello(); }
③方式三:根据id和类型
@Test public void testHelloWorld2(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml"); HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean("helloworld", HelloWorld.class); bean.sayHello(); }
④注意的地方
当根据类型获取bean时,要求IOC容器中指定类型的bean有且只能有一个
当IOC容器中一共配置了两个:
<bean id="helloworldOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.HelloWorld"></bean> <bean id="helloworldTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.HelloWorld"></bean>
根据类型获取时会抛出异常:
org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type 'com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.HelloWorld' available: expected single matching bean but found 2: helloworldOne,helloworldTwo
⑤扩展知识
如果组件类实现了接口,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?
可以,前提是bean唯一
如果一个接口有多个实现类,这些实现类都配置了 bean,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?
不行,因为bean不唯一
结论
根据类型来获取bean时,在满足bean唯一性的前提下,其实只是看:『对象 instanceof 指定的类型』的返回结果,只要返回的是true就可以认定为和类型匹配,能够获取到。
java中,instanceof运算符用于判断前面的对象是否是后面的类,或其子类、实现类的实例。如果是返回true,否则返回false。也就是说:用instanceof关键字做判断时, instanceof 操作符的左右操作必须有继承或实现关系
1.2.1.实验二:依赖注入之setter注入
①创建学生类Student
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; public class Student { private Integer id; private String name; private Integer age; private String sex; public Student() { } public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getName() { return name; } public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } public String getSex() { return sex; } public void setSex(String sex) { this.sex = sex; } @Override public String toString() { return "Student{" + "id=" + id + ", name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + ", sex='" + sex + '\'' + '}'; } }
②配置bean时为属性赋值
spring-di.xml
<bean id="studentOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <!-- property标签:通过组件类的setXxx()方法给组件对象设置属性 --> <!-- name属性:指定属性名(这个属性名是getXxx()、setXxx()方法定义的,和成员变量无关) --> <!-- value属性:指定属性值 --> <property name="id" value="1001"></property> <property name="name" value="张三"></property> <property name="age" value="21.></property> <property name="sex" value="男"></property> </bean>
③测试
@Test public void testDIBySet(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml"); Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentOne", Student.class); System.out.println(studentOne); }
1.2.4、实验三:依赖注入之构造器注入
①在Student类中添加有参构造
public Student(Integer id, String name, Integer age, String sex) { this.id = id; this.name = name; this.age = age; this.sex = sex; }
②配置bean
spring-di.xml
<bean id="studentTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <constructor-arg value="1002"></constructor-arg> <constructor-arg value="李四"></constructor-arg> <constructor-arg value="1."></constructor-arg> <constructor-arg value="女"></constructor-arg> </bean>
注意:
constructor-arg标签还有两个属性可以进一步描述构造器参数:
- index属性:指定参数所在位置的索引(从0开始)
- name属性:指定参数名
③测试
@Test public void testDIByConstructor(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml"); Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentTwo", Student.class); System.out.println(studentOne); }
1.2.5、实验四:特殊值处理
①字面量赋值
什么是字面量?
int a = 10;
声明一个变量a,初始化为10,此时a就不代表字母a了,而是作为一个变量的名字。当我们引用a的时候,我们实际上拿到的值是10。
而如果a是带引号的:'a',那么它现在不是一个变量,它就是代表a这个字母本身,这就是字面量。所以字面量没有引申含义,就是我们看到的这个数据本身。
<!-- 使用value属性给bean的属性赋值时,Spring会把value属性的值看做字面量 --> <property name="name" value="张三"/>
②null值
<property name="name"> <null /> </property>
注意:
<property name="name" value="null"></property>
以上写法,为name所赋的值是字符串null
③xml实体
<!-- 小于号在XML文档中用来定义标签的开始,不能随便使用 --> <!-- 解决方案一:使用XML实体来代替 --> <property name="expression" value="a < b"/>
④CDATA节
<property name="expression"> <!-- 解决方案二:使用CDATA节 --> <!-- CDATA中的C代表Character,是文本、字符的含义,CDATA就表示纯文本数据 --> <!-- XML解析器看到CDATA节就知道这里是纯文本,就不会当作XML标签或属性来解析 --> <!-- 所以CDATA节中写什么符号都随意 --> <value><![CDATA[a < b]]></value> </property>
1.2.6、实验五:为对象类型属性赋值
①创建班级类Clazz
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean public class Clazz { private Integer clazzId; private String clazzName; public Integer getClazzId() { return clazzId; } public void setClazzId(Integer clazzId) { this.clazzId = clazzId; } public String getClazzName() { return clazzName; } public void setClazzName(String clazzName) { this.clazzName = clazzName; } @Override public String toString() { return "Clazz{" + "clazzId=" + clazzId + ", clazzName='" + clazzName + '\'' + '}'; } public Clazz() { } public Clazz(Integer clazzId, String clazzName) { this.clazzId = clazzId; this.clazzName = clazzName; } }
②修改Student类
在Student类中添加以下代码:
private Clazz clazz; public Clazz getClazz() { return clazz; } public void setClazz(Clazz clazz) { this.clazz = clazz; }
方式一:引用外部bean
配置Clazz类型的bean:
<bean id="clazzOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz"> <property name="clazzId" value="1111"></property> <property name="clazzName" value="财源滚滚班"></property> </bean>
为Student中的clazz属性赋值:
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --> <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property> </bean>
错误演示:
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <property name="clazz" value="clazzOne"></property> </bean>
如果错把ref属性写成了value属性,会抛出异常:Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot convert value of type 'java.lang.String' to required type 'com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz' for property 'clazz': no matching editors or conversion strategy found
意思是不能把String类型转换成我们要的Clazz类型,说明我们使用value属性时,Spring只把这个属性看做一个普通的字符串,不会认为这是一个bean的id,更不会根据它去找到bean来赋值
方式二:内部bean
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <property name="clazz"> <!-- 在一个bean中再声明一个bean就是内部bean --> <!-- 内部bean只能用于给属性赋值,不能在外部通过IOC容器获取,因此可以省略id属性 --> <bean id="clazzInner" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz"> <property name="clazzId" value="2222"></property> <property name="clazzName" value="远大前程班"></property> </bean> </property> </bean>
方式三:级联属性赋值
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property> <property name="clazz.clazzId" value="1.1."></property> <property name="clazz.clazzName" value="最强王者班"></property> </bean>
1.2.7、实验六:为数组类型属性赋值
①修改Student类
在Student类中添加以下代码:
private String[] hobbies; public String[] getHobbies() { return hobbies; } public void setHobbies(String[] hobbies) { this.hobbies = hobbies; }
②配置bean
<bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring.bean6.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --> <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property> <property name="hobbies"> <array> <value>抽烟</value> <value>喝酒</value> <value>烫头</value> </array> </property> </bean>
1.2.8、实验七:为集合类型属性赋值
①为List集合类型属性赋值
在Clazz类中添加以下代码:
private List<Student> students; public List<Student> getStudents() { return students; } public void setStudents(List<Student> students) { this.students = students; }
配置bean:
<bean id="clazzTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz"> <property name="clazzId" value="4444"></property> <property name="clazzName" value="Javaee0222"></property> <property name="students"> <list> <ref bean="studentOne"></ref> <ref bean="studentTwo"></ref> <ref bean="studentThree"></ref> </list> </property> </bean>
若为Set集合类型属性赋值,只需要将其中的list标签改为set标签即可
②为Map集合类型属性赋值
创建教师类Teacher:
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; public class Teacher { private Integer teacherId; private String teacherName; public Integer getTeacherId() { return teacherId; } public void setTeacherId(Integer teacherId) { this.teacherId = teacherId; } public String getTeacherName() { return teacherName; } public void setTeacherName(String teacherName) { this.teacherName = teacherName; } public Teacher(Integer teacherId, String teacherName) { this.teacherId = teacherId; this.teacherName = teacherName; } public Teacher() { } @Override public String toString() { return "Teacher{" + "teacherId=" + teacherId + ", teacherName='" + teacherName + '\'' + '}'; } }
在Student类中添加以下代码:
private Map<String, Teacher> teacherMap; public Map<String, Teacher> getTeacherMap() { return teacherMap; } public void setTeacherMap(Map<String, Teacher> teacherMap) { this.teacherMap = teacherMap; }
配置bean:
<bean id="teacherOne" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Teacher"> <property name="teacherId" value="10010"></property> <property name="teacherName" value="大宝"></property> </bean> <bean id="teacherTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Teacher"> <property name="teacherId" value="10086"></property> <property name="teacherName" value="二宝"></property> </bean> <bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --> <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property> <property name="hobbies"> <array> <value>抽烟</value> <value>喝酒</value> <value>烫头</value> </array> </property> <property name="teacherMap"> <map> <entry> <key> <value>10010</value> </key> <ref bean="teacherOne"></ref> </entry> <entry> <key> <value>10086</value> </key> <ref bean="teacherTwo"></ref> </entry> </map> </property> </bean>
③引用集合类型的bean
<!--list集合类型的bean--> <util:list id="students"> <ref bean="studentOne"></ref> <ref bean="studentTwo"></ref> <ref bean="studentThree"></ref> </util:list> <!--map集合类型的bean--> <util:map id="teacherMap"> <entry> <key> <value>10010</value> </key> <ref bean="teacherOne"></ref> </entry> <entry> <key> <value>10086</value> </key> <ref bean="teacherTwo"></ref> </entry> </util:map> <bean id="clazzTwo" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Clazz"> <property name="clazzId" value="4444"></property> <property name="clazzName" value="Javaee0222"></property> <property name="students" ref="students"></property> </bean> <bean id="studentFour" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student"> <property name="id" value="1004"></property> <property name="name" value="赵六"></property> <property name="age" value="26"></property> <property name="sex" value="女"></property> <!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --> <property name="clazz" ref="clazzOne"></property> <property name="hobbies"> <array> <value>抽烟</value> <value>喝酒</value> <value>烫头</value> </array> </property> <property name="teacherMap" ref="teacherMap"></property> </bean>
使用util:list、util:map标签必须引入相应的命名空间
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
1.2.9、实验八:p命名空间
引入p命名空间
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
引入p命名空间后,可以通过以下方式为bean的各个属性赋值
<bean id="studentSix" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.Student" p:id="1006" p:name="小明" p:clazz-ref="clazzOne" p:teacherMap-ref="teacherMap"></bean>
1.2.10、实验九:引入外部属性文件
①加入依赖
<!-- MySQL驱动 --> <dependency> <groupId>mysql</groupId> <artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId> <version>8.0.1.</version> </dependency> <!-- 数据源 --> <dependency> <groupId>com.alibaba</groupId> <artifactId>druid</artifactId> <version>1.2.15</version> </dependency>
②创建外部属性文件
jdbc.user=root jdbc.password=javaxiaobear jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:1.06/ssm?serverTimezone=UTC jdbc.driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver
③引入属性文件
引入context 名称空间
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> </beans>
<!-- 引入外部属性文件 --> <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:jdbc.properties"/>
注意:在使用 context:property-placeholder 元素加载外包配置文件功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签中添加 context 相关的约束。
④配置bean
<bean id="druidDataSource" class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource"> <property name="url" value="${jdbc.url}"/> <property name="driverClassName" value="${jdbc.driver}"/> <property name="username" value="${jdbc.user}"/> <property name="password" value="${jdbc.password}"/> </bean>
⑤测试
@Test public void testDataSource() throws SQLException { ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-datasource.xml"); DataSource dataSource = ac.getBean(DataSource.class); Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection(); System.out.println(connection); }
1.2.11、实验十:bean的作用域
①概念
在Spring中可以通过配置bean标签的scope属性来指定bean的作用域范围,各取值含义参加下表:
取值 | 含义 | 创建对象的时机 |
singleton(默认) | 在IOC容器中,这个bean的对象始终为单实例 | IOC容器初始化时 |
prototype | 这个bean在IOC容器中有多个实例 | 获取bean时 |
如果是在WebApplicationContext环境下还会有另外几个作用域(但不常用):
取值 | 含义 |
request | 在一个请求范围内有效 |
session | 在一个会话范围内有效 |
②创建类User
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; public class User { private Integer id; private String username; private String password; private Integer age; public User() { } public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) { this.id = id; this.username = username; this.password = password; this.age = age; } public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { this.id = id; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } @Override public String toString() { return "User{" + "id=" + id + ", username='" + username + '\'' + ", password='" + password + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
③配置bean
<!-- scope属性:取值singleton(默认值),bean在IOC容器中只有一个实例,IOC容器初始化时创建对象 --> <!-- scope属性:取值prototype,bean在IOC容器中可以有多个实例,getBean()时创建对象 --> <bean class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.User" scope="prototype"></bean>
④测试
@Test public void testBeanScope(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-scope.xml"); User user1 = ac.getBean(User.class); User user2 = ac.getBean(User.class); System.out.println(user1==user2); }
1.2.12、实验十一:bean生命周期
①具体的生命周期过程
- bean对象创建(调用无参构造器)
- 给bean对象设置属性
- bean的后置处理器(初始化之前)
- bean对象初始化(需在配置bean时指定初始化方法)
- bean的后置处理器(初始化之后)
- bean对象就绪可以使用
- bean对象销毁(需在配置bean时指定销毁方法)
- IOC容器关闭
②修改类User
public class User { private Integer id; private String username; private String password; private Integer age; public User() { System.out.println("生命周期:1、创建对象"); } public User(Integer id, String username, String password, Integer age) { this.id = id; this.username = username; this.password = password; this.age = age; } public Integer getId() { return id; } public void setId(Integer id) { System.out.println("生命周期:2、依赖注入"); this.id = id; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public Integer getAge() { return age; } public void setAge(Integer age) { this.age = age; } public void initMethod(){ System.out.println("生命周期:1.初始化"); } public void destroyMethod(){ System.out.println("生命周期:5、销毁"); } @Override public String toString() { return "User{" + "id=" + id + ", username='" + username + '\'' + ", password='" + password + '\'' + ", age=" + age + '}'; } }
注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod(),可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法
③配置bean
<!-- 使用init-method属性指定初始化方法 --> <!-- 使用destroy-method属性指定销毁方法 --> <bean class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.User" scope="prototype" init-method="initMethod" destroy-method="destroyMethod"> <property name="id" value="1001"></property> <property name="username" value="admin"></property> <property name="password" value="121.56"></property> <property name="age" value="21.></property> </bean>
④测试
@Test public void testLife(){ ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml"); User bean = ac.getBean(User.class); System.out.println("生命周期:4、通过IOC容器获取bean并使用"); ac.close(); }
⑤bean的后置处理器
bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作,需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口,且配置到IOC容器中,需要注意的是,bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效,而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行
创建bean的后置处理器:
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.process; import org.springframework.beans.BeansException; import org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor; public class MyBeanProcessor implements BeanPostProcessor { @Override public Object postProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException { System.out.println("☆☆☆" + beanName + " = " + bean); return bean; } @Override public Object postProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean, String beanName) throws BeansException { System.out.println("★★★" + beanName + " = " + bean); return bean; } }
在IOC容器中配置后置处理器:
<!-- bean的后置处理器要放入IOC容器才能生效 --> <bean id="myBeanProcessor" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.process.MyBeanProcessor"/>
1.2.11.实验十二:FactoryBean
①简介
FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架的常用机制。和普通的bean不同,配置一个FactoryBean类型的bean,在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象,而是getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制,Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来,只把最简洁的使用界面展示给我们。
将来我们整合Mybatis时,Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的。
/* * Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors. * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ package org.springframework.beans.factory; import org.springframework.lang.Nullable; /** * Interface to be implemented by objects used within a {@link BeanFactory} which * are themselves factories for individual objects. If a bean implements this * interface, it is used as a factory for an object to expose, not directly as a * bean instance that will be exposed itself. * * <p><b>NB: A bean that implements this interface cannot be used as a normal bean.</b> * A FactoryBean is defined in a bean style, but the object exposed for bean * references ({@link #getObject()}) is always the object that it creates. * * <p>FactoryBeans can support singletons and prototypes, and can either create * objects lazily on demand or eagerly on startup. The {@link SmartFactoryBean} * interface allows for exposing more fine-grained behavioral metadata. * * <p>This interface is heavily used within the framework itself, for example for * the AOP {@link org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean} or the * {@link org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean}. It can be used for * custom components as well; however, this is only common for infrastructure code. * * <p><b>{@code FactoryBean} is a programmatic contract. Implementations are not * supposed to rely on annotation-driven injection or other reflective facilities.</b> * {@link #getObjectType()} {@link #getObject()} invocations may arrive early in the * bootstrap process, even ahead of any post-processor setup. If you need access to * other beans, implement {@link BeanFactoryAware} and obtain them programmatically. * * <p><b>The container is only responsible for managing the lifecycle of the FactoryBean * instance, not the lifecycle of the objects created by the FactoryBean.</b> Therefore, * a destroy method on an exposed bean object (such as {@link java.io.Closeable#close()} * will <i>not</i> be called automatically. Instead, a FactoryBean should implement * {@link DisposableBean} and delegate any such close call to the underlying object. * * <p>Finally, FactoryBean objects participate in the containing BeanFactory's * synchronization of bean creation. There is usually no need for internal * synchronization other than for purposes of lazy initialization within the * FactoryBean itself (or the like). * * @author Rod Johnson * @author Juergen Hoeller * @since 08.01.2003 * @param <T> the bean type * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory * @see org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean * @see org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean */ public interface FactoryBean<T> { /** * The name of an attribute that can be * {@link org.springframework.core.AttributeAccessor#setAttribute set} on a * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition} so that * factory beans can signal their object type when it can't be deduced from * the factory bean class. * @since 5.2 */ String OBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE = "factoryBeanObjectType"; /** * Return an instance (possibly shared or independent) of the object * managed by this factory. * <p>As with a {@link BeanFactory}, this allows support for both the * Singleton and Prototype design pattern. * <p>If this FactoryBean is not fully initialized yet at the time of * the call (for example because it is involved in a circular reference), * throw a corresponding {@link FactoryBeanNotInitializedException}. * <p>As of Spring 2.0, FactoryBeans are allowed to return {@code null} * objects. The factory will consider this as normal value to be used; it * will not throw a FactoryBeanNotInitializedException in this case anymore. * FactoryBean implementations are encouraged to throw * FactoryBeanNotInitializedException themselves now, as appropriate. * @return an instance of the bean (can be {@code null}) * @throws Exception in case of creation errors * @see FactoryBeanNotInitializedException */ @Nullable T getObject() throws Exception; /** * Return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates, * or {@code null} if not known in advance. * <p>This allows one to check for specific types of beans without * instantiating objects, for example on autowiring. * <p>In the case of implementations that are creating a singleton object, * this method should try to avoid singleton creation as far as possible; * it should rather estimate the type in advance. * For prototypes, returning a meaningful type here is advisable too. * <p>This method can be called <i>before</i> this FactoryBean has * been fully initialized. It must not rely on state created during * initialization; of course, it can still use such state if available. * <p><b>NOTE:</b> Autowiring will simply ignore FactoryBeans that return * {@code null} here. Therefore it is highly recommended to implement * this method properly, using the current state of the FactoryBean. * @return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates, * or {@code null} if not known at the time of the call * @see ListableBeanFactory#getBeansOfType */ @Nullable Class<?> getObjectType(); /** * Is the object managed by this factory a singleton? That is, * will {@link #getObject()} always return the same object * (a reference that can be cached)? * <p><b>NOTE:</b> If a FactoryBean indicates to hold a singleton object, * the object returned from {@code getObject()} might get cached * by the owning BeanFactory. Hence, do not return {@code true} * unless the FactoryBean always exposes the same reference. * <p>The singleton status of the FactoryBean itself will generally * be provided by the owning BeanFactory; usually, it has to be * defined as singleton there. * <p><b>NOTE:</b> This method returning {@code false} does not * necessarily indicate that returned objects are independent instances. * An implementation of the extended {@link SmartFactoryBean} interface * may explicitly indicate independent instances through its * {@link SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()} method. Plain {@link FactoryBean} * implementations which do not implement this extended interface are * simply assumed to always return independent instances if the * {@code isSingleton()} implementation returns {@code false}. * <p>The default implementation returns {@code true}, since a * {@code FactoryBean} typically manages a singleton instance. * @return whether the exposed object is a singleton * @see #getObject() * @see SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype() */ default boolean isSingleton() { return true; } }
②创建类UserFactoryBean
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; public class UserFactoryBean implements FactoryBean<User> { @Override public User getObject() throws Exception { return new User(); } @Override public Class<?> getObjectType() { return User.class; } }
③配置bean
<bean id="user" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean.UserFactoryBean"></bean>
④测试
@Test public void testUserFactoryBean(){ //获取IOC容器 ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factorybean.xml"); User user = (User) ac.getBean("user"); System.out.println(user); }
1.2.14、实验十三:基于xml自动装配
自动装配:
根据指定的策略,在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean,自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值
①场景模拟
创建类UserController
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.controller public class UserController { private UserService userService; public void setUserService(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void saveUser(){ userService.saveUser(); } }
创建接口UserService
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service public interface UserService { void saveUser(); }
创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void saveUser() { userDao.saveUser(); } }
创建接口UserDao
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao public interface UserDao { void saveUser(); }
创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void saveUser() { System.out.println("保存成功"); } }
②配置bean
使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果
自动装配方式:byType
byType:根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean,为属性自动赋值
若在IOC中,没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则该属性不装配,即值为默认值null
若在IOC中,有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则抛出异常NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException
<bean id="userController" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byType"></bean> <bean id="userService" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byType"></bean> <bean id="userDao" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
自动装配方式:byName
byName:将自动装配的属性的属性名,作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值
<bean id="userController" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController" autowire="byName"></bean> <bean id="userService" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean> <bean id="userServiceImpl" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl" autowire="byName"></bean> <bean id="userDao" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean> <bean id="userDaoImpl" class="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
③测试
@Test public void testAutoWireByXML(){ ApplicationContext ac = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml"); UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class); userController.saveUser(); }
1.1.基于注解管理Bean(☆)
从 Java 5 开始,Java 增加了对注解(Annotation)的支持,它是代码中的一种特殊标记,可以在编译、类加载和运行时被读取,执行相应的处理。开发人员可以通过注解在不改变原有代码和逻辑的情况下,在源代码中嵌入补充信息。
Spring 从 2.5 版本开始提供了对注解技术的全面支持,我们可以使用注解来实现自动装配,简化 Spring 的 XML 配置。
Spring 通过注解实现自动装配的步骤如下:
- 引入依赖
- 开启组件扫描
- 使用注解定义 Bean
- 依赖注入
1.1.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation
①搭建模块
搭建方式如:spring6-ioc-xml
②引入配置文件
引入spring-ioc-xml模块日志log4j2.xml
③添加依赖
<dependencies> <!--spring context依赖--> <!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后,表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework</groupId> <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId> <version>6.0.1./version> </dependency> <!--junit5测试--> <dependency> <groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId> <artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId> </dependency> <!--log4j2的依赖--> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId> <artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId> <version>2.19.0</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId> <artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId> <version>2.19.0</version> </dependency> </dependencies>
1.1.2、开启组件扫描
Spring 默认不使用注解装配 Bean,因此我们需要在 Spring 的 XML 配置中,通过 context:component-scan 元素开启 Spring Beans的自动扫描功能。开启此功能后,Spring 会自动从扫描指定的包(base-package 属性设置)及其子包下的所有类,如果类上使用了 @Component 注解,就将该类装配到容器中。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w1.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-1.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"> <!--开启组件扫描功能--> <context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear.spring6"></context:component-scan> </beans>
注意:在使用 context:component-scan 元素开启自动扫描功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签中添加 context 相关的约束。
情况一:最基本的扫描方式
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear.spring6"> </context:component-scan>
情况二:指定要排除的组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear.spring6"> <!-- context:exclude-filter标签:指定排除规则 --> <!-- type:设置排除或包含的依据 type="annotation",根据注解排除,expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名 type="assignable",根据类型排除,expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名 --> <context:exclude-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/> <!--<context:exclude-filter type="assignable" expression="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller.UserController"/>--> </context:component-scan>
情况三:仅扫描指定组件
<context:component-scan base-package="com.javaxiaobear" use-default-filters="false"> <!-- context:include-filter标签:指定在原有扫描规则的基础上追加的规则 --> <!-- use-default-filters属性:取值false表示关闭默认扫描规则 --> <!-- 此时必须设置use-default-filters="false",因为默认规则即扫描指定包下所有类 --> <!-- type:设置排除或包含的依据 type="annotation",根据注解排除,expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名 type="assignable",根据类型排除,expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名 --> <context:include-filter type="annotation" expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/> <!--<context:include-filter type="assignable" expression="com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller.UserController"/>--> </context:component-scan>
1.1.1.使用注解定义 Bean
Spring 提供了以下多个注解,这些注解可以直接标注在 Java 类上,将它们定义成 Spring Bean。
注解 | 说明 |
@Component | 该注解用于描述 Spring 中的 Bean,它是一个泛化的概念,仅仅表示容器中的一个组件(Bean),并且可以作用在应用的任何层次,例如 Service 层、Dao 层等。 使用时只需将该注解标注在相应类上即可。 |
@Repository | 该注解用于将数据访问层(Dao 层)的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
@Service | 该注解通常作用在业务层(Service 层),用于将业务层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
@Controller | 该注解通常作用在控制层(如SpringMVC 的 Controller),用于将控制层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。 |
1.1.4、实验一:@Autowired注入
单独使用@Autowired注解,默认根据类型装配。【默认是byType】
查看源码:
package org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.Documented; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR, ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.PARAMETER, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented public @interface Autowired { boolean required() default true; }
源码中有两处需要注意:
- 第一处:该注解可以标注在哪里?
- 构造方法上
- 方法上
- 形参上
- 属性上
- 注解上
- 第二处:该注解有一个required属性,默认值是true,表示在注入的时候要求被注入的Bean必须是存在的,如果不存在则报错。如果required属性设置为false,表示注入的Bean存在或者不存在都没关系,存在的话就注入,不存在的话,也不报错。
①场景一:属性注入
创建UserDao接口
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao; public interface UserDao { public void print(); }
创建UserDaoImpl实现
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Dao层执行结束"); } }
创建UserService接口
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service; public interface UserService { public void out(); }
创建UserServiceImpl实现类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Autowired private UserDao userDao; @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
创建UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; @Controller public class UserController { @Autowired private UserService userService; public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); } }
测试一
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.bean; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller.UserController; import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test; import org.slf4j.Logger; import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; public class UserTest { private Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserTest.class); @Test public void testAnnotation(){ ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml"); UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class); userController.out(); logger.info("执行成功"); } }
测试结果:
51.56681
以上构造方法和setter方法都没有提供,经过测试,仍然可以注入成功。
②场景二:set注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; @Autowired public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
修改UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; @Controller public class UserController { private UserService userService; @Autowired public void setUserService(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); } }
测试:成功调用
③场景三:构造方法注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; @Autowired public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
修改UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; @Controller public class UserController { private UserService userService; @Autowired public UserController(UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); } }
测试:成功调用
④场景四:形参上注入
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { private UserDao userDao; public UserServiceImpl(@Autowired UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
修改UserController类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; @Controller public class UserController { private UserService userService; public UserController(@Autowired UserService userService) { this.userService = userService; } public void out() { userService.out(); System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。"); } }
测试:成功调用
⑤场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Autowired private UserDao userDao; public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) { this.userDao = userDao; } @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
测试通过
当有参数的构造方法只有一个时,@Autowired注解可以省略。
说明:有多个构造方法时呢?大家可以测试(再添加一个无参构造函数),测试报错
⑥场景六:@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合
添加dao层实现
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository public class UserDaoRedisImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Redis Dao层执行结束"); } }
测试:测试异常
错误信息中说:不能装配,UserDao这个Bean的数量等于2
怎么解决这个问题呢?当然要byName,根据名称进行装配了。
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Autowired @Qualifier("userDaoImpl") // 指定bean的名字 private UserDao userDao; @Override public void out() { userDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
总结
- @Autowired注解可以出现在:属性上、构造方法上、构造方法的参数上、setter方法上。
- 当带参数的构造方法只有一个,@Autowired注解可以省略。()
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型注入。如果要根据名称注入的话,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起使用。
1.1.5、实验二:@Resource注入
@Resource注解也可以完成属性注入。那它和@Autowired注解有什么区别?
- @Resource注解是JDK扩展包中的,也就是说属于JDK的一部分。所以该注解是标准注解,更加具有通用性。(JSR-250标准中制定的注解类型。JSR是Java规范提案。)
- @Autowired注解是Spring框架自己的。
- @Resource注解默认根据名称装配byName,未指定name时,使用属性名作为name。通过name找不到的话会自动启动通过类型byType装配。
- @Autowired注解默认根据类型装配byType,如果想根据名称装配,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起用。
- @Resource注解用在属性上、setter方法上。
- @Autowired注解用在属性上、setter方法上、构造方法上、构造方法参数上。
@Resource注解属于JDK扩展包,所以不在JDK当中,需要额外引入以下依赖:【如果是JDK8的话不需要额外引入依赖。高于JDK11或低于JDK8需要引入以下依赖。】
<dependency> <groupId>jakarta.annotation</groupId> <artifactId>jakarta.annotation-api</artifactId> <version>2.1.1</version> </dependency>
源码:
package jakarta.annotation; import java.lang.annotation.ElementType; import java.lang.annotation.Repeatable; import java.lang.annotation.Retention; import java.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy; import java.lang.annotation.Target; @Target({ElementType.TYPE, ElementType.FIELD, ElementType.METHOD}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Repeatable(Resources.class) public @interface Resource { String name() default ""; String lookup() default ""; Class<?> type() default Object.class; Resource.AuthenticationType authenticationType() default Resource.AuthenticationType.CONTAINER; boolean shareable() default true; String mappedName() default ""; String description() default ""; public static enum AuthenticationType { CONTAINER, APPLICATION; private AuthenticationType() { } } }
①场景一:根据name注入
修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository("myUserDao") public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Dao层执行结束"); } }
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import jakarta.annotation.Resource; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Resource(name = "myUserDao") private UserDao myUserDao; @Override public void out() { myUserDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
测试通过
②场景二:name未知注入
修改UserDaoImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import org.springframework.stereotype.Repository; @Repository("myUserDao") public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao { @Override public void print() { System.out.println("Dao层执行结束"); } }
修改UserServiceImpl类
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import jakarta.annotation.Resource; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Resource private UserDao myUserDao; @Override public void out() { myUserDao.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
测试通过
当@Resource注解使用时没有指定name的时候,还是根据name进行查找,这个name是属性名。
③场景三 其他情况
修改UserServiceImpl类,userDao1属性名不存在
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.impl; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao.UserDao; import com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service.UserService; import jakarta.annotation.Resource; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier; import org.springframework.stereotype.Service; @Service public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService { @Resource private UserDao userDao1; @Override public void out() { userDao1.print(); System.out.println("Service层执行结束"); } }
测试异常
根据异常信息得知:显然当通过name找不到的时候,自然会启动byType进行注入,以上的错误是因为UserDao接口下有两个实现类导致的。所以根据类型注入就会报错。
@Resource的set注入可以自行测试
总结:
@Resource注解:默认byName注入,没有指定name时把属性名当做name,根据name找不到时,才会byType注入。byType注入时,某种类型的Bean只能有一个
1.1.6、Spring全注解开发
全注解开发就是不再使用spring配置文件了,写一个配置类来代替配置文件。
package com.javaxiaobear.spring6.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; @Configuration //@ComponentScan({"com.javaxiaobear.spring6.controller", "com.javaxiaobear.spring6.service","com.javaxiaobear.spring6.dao"}) @ComponentScan("com.javaxiaobear.spring6") public class Spring6Config { }
测试类
@Test public void testAllAnnotation(){ ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Spring6Config.class); UserController userController = context.getBean("userController", UserController.class); userController.out(); logger.info("执行成功"); }
好了,本文就到这里了!如果觉得内容不错的话,希望大家可以帮忙点赞转发一波,这是对我最大的鼓励,感谢🙏🏻
本篇福利资料:
「60多门编程语言学习书籍超级大合集(700+本PDF)」
链接:https://pan.quark.cn/s/6216959e4671