前言
上周对Android中的事件派发机制进行了分析,这次博主要对消息队列和Looper的源码进行简单的分析。大家耐心看下去,其实消息队列的逻辑比事件派发机制简单多了,所以大家肯定会很容易看懂的。
概念
1. 什么是消息队列
消息队列在android中对应MessageQueue这个类,顾名思义,消息队列中存放了大量的消息(Message)
2.什么是消息
消息(Message)代表一个行为(what)或者一串动作(Runnable),有两处会用到Message:Handler和Messenger
3.什么是Handler和Messenger
Handler大家都知道,主要用来在线程中发消息通知ui线程更新ui。Messenger可以翻译为信使,可以实现进程间通信(IPC),Messenger采用一个单线程来处理所有的消息,而且进程间的通信都是通过发消息来完成的,感觉不能像AIDL那样直接调用对方的接口方法(具体有待考证),这是其和AIDL的主要区别,也就是说Messenger无法处理多线程,所有的调用都是在一个线程中串行执行的。Messenger的典型代码是这样的:new Messenger(service).send(msg),它的本质还是调用了Handler的sendMessage方法
4.什么是Looper
Looper是循环的意思,它负责从消息队列中循环的取出消息然后把消息交给目标处理
5.线程有没有Looper有什么区别?
线程如果没有Looper,就没有消息队列,就无法处理消息,线程内部就无法使用Handler。这就是为什么在子线程内部创建Handler会报错:"Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()",具体原因下面再分析。
6.如何让线程有Looper从而正常使用Handler?
在线程的run方法中加入如下两句:
Looper.prepare();
Looper.loop();
这一切不用我们来做,有现成的,HandlerThread就是带有Looper的线程。
想用线程的Looper来创建Handler,很简单,Handler handler = new Handler(thread.getLooper()),有了上面这几步,你就可以在子线程中创建Handler了,好吧,其实android早就为我们想到这一点了,也不用自己写,IntentService把我们该做的都做了,我们只要用就好了,具体怎么用后面再说。
消息队列和Looper的工作机制
一个Handler会有一个Looper,一个Looper会有一个消息队列,Looper的作用就是循环的遍历消息队列,如果有新消息,就把新消息交给它的目标处理。每当我们用Handler来发送消息,消息就会被放入消息队列中,然后Looper就会取出消息发送给它的目标target。一般情况,一个消息的target是发送这个消息的Handler,这么一来,Looper就会把消息交给Handler处理,这个时候Handler的dispatchMessage方法就会被调用,一般情况最终会调用Handler的handleMessage来处理消息,用handleMessage来处理消息是我们常用的方式。
源码分析
1. Handler发送消息的过程
- public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
- {
- return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
- }
- public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
- {
- if (delayMillis < 0) {
- delayMillis = 0;
- }
- return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
- }
- public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
- MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
- if (queue == null) {
- RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
- this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
- Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
- return false;
- }
- return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
- }
- private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
- msg.target = this;
- if (mAsynchronous) {
- msg.setAsynchronous(true);
- }
- //这里msg被加入消息队列queue
- return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
- }
2.Looper的工作过程
- public static void loop() {
- final Looper me = myLooper();
- if (me == null) {
- throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
- }
- //从Looper中取出消息队列
- final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
- // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
- // and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
- Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
- final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
- //死循环,循环的取消息,没有新消息就会阻塞
- for (;;) {
- Message msg = queue.next(); // might block 这里会被阻塞,如果没有新消息
- if (msg == null) {
- // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
- return;
- }
- // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
- Printer logging = me.mLogging;
- if (logging != null) {
- logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
- msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
- }
- //将消息交给target处理,这个target就是Handler类型
- msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
- if (logging != null) {
- logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
- }
- // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
- // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
- final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
- if (ident != newIdent) {
- Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
- + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
- + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
- + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
- + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
- }
- msg.recycle();
- }
- }
3.Handler如何处理消息
- /**
- * Subclasses must implement this to receive messages.
- */
- public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
- }
- /**
- * Handle system messages here.
- */
- public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
- if (msg.callback != null) {
- //这个方法很简单,直接调用msg.callback.run();
- handleCallback(msg);
- } else {
- //如果我们设置了callback会由callback来处理消息
- if (mCallback != null) {
- if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
- return;
- }
- }
- //否则消息就由这里来处理,这是我们最常用的处理方式
- handleMessage(msg);
- }
- }
/*package*/ Runnable callback;
现在已经很明确了,msg.callback是个Runnable,什么时候会设置这个callback:handler.post(runnable),相信大家都常用这个方法吧
- /**
- * Callback interface you can use when instantiating a Handler to avoid
- * having to implement your own subclass of Handler.
- *
- * @param msg A {@link android.os.Message Message} object
- * @return True if no further handling is desired
- */
- public interface Callback {
- public boolean handleMessage(Message msg);
- }
- final Callback mCallback;
而mCallback是个接口,可以这样来设置 Handler handler = new Handler(callback),这个callback的意义是什么呢,代码里面的注释已经说了,可以让你不用创建Handler的子类但是还能照样处理消息,恐怕大家常用的方式都是新new一个Handler然后override其handleMessage方法来处理消息吧,从现在开始,我们知道,不创建Handler的子类也可以处理消息。多说一句,为什么创建Handler的子类不好?这是因为,类也是占空间的,一个应用class太多,其占用空间会变大,也就是应用会更耗内存。
HandlerThread简介
- @Override
- public void run() {
- mTid = Process.myTid();
- Looper.prepare();
- synchronized (this) {
- mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
- notifyAll();
- }
- Process.setThreadPriority(mPriority);
- onLooperPrepared();
- Looper.loop();
- mTid = -1;
- }
IntentService简介
- public void onCreate() {
- // TODO: It would be nice to have an option to hold a partial wakelock
- // during processing, and to have a static startService(Context, Intent)
- // method that would launch the service & hand off a wakelock.
- super.onCreate();
- HandlerThread thread = new HandlerThread("IntentService[" + mName + "]");
- thread.start();
- mServiceLooper = thread.getLooper();
- mServiceHandler = new ServiceHandler(mServiceLooper);
- }
在子线程创建Handler为什么会报错?
- public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
- if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
- final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
- if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
- (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
- Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
- klass.getCanonicalName());
- }
- }
- //获取当前线程的Looper
- mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
- //报错的根本原因是:当前线程没有Looper
- if (mLooper == null) {
- throw new RuntimeException(
- "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
- }
- mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
- mCallback = callback;
- mAsynchronous = async;
- }