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背景
前面的几篇文章我们从一个简单的 SpringBoot 服务开始，依次将其打包为镜像，推送至私有镜像仓库，安装 Kubernetes 的极简实践环境 minikube ， minikube 传递秘钥使用阿里云私有镜像仓库，然后使用 kubectl run 命令启动 Pod ，使用 YAML 描述文件启动 Pod ，使用 Deployment 启动弹性伸缩的 Pod ，最后使用 Service 暴露服务，经过这一系列实践，基本算是入门 Kubernetes 了。
那么，对 Kubernetes 有了基本的认识后我们再稍微了解下 Kubernetes 的资源（Pod、ReplicaSet、ReplicationController、Deployment、StatefulSet、DaemonSet、Job、CronJob；Node、Namespace、Service、Secret、ConfigMap、Ingress、Label）管理。在这篇文章中我们主要涉及：标签选择器 Label ，注解 Annotation 以及命名空间 Namespace 这3种资源。
以我们之前使用的 Pod ： cloud-native 为例，通过命令 kubectl get pod cloud-native -o yaml 获取的 cloud-native 详细信息如下，重点关注： Label ， Annotation 、 Namespace
[root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get pod cloud-native -o yaml apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: annotations: kubectl.kubernetes.io/last-applied-configuration: | {"apiVersion":"v1","kind":"Pod","metadata":{"annotations":{},"name":"cloud-native","namespace":"default"},"spec":{"containers":[{"image":"registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/container-repo/docker-hub:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT","name":"cloud-native"}],"imagePullSecrets":[{"name":"aliyunregistry"}]}} creationTimestamp: "2022-08-24T01:26:32Z" name: cloud-native namespace: default resourceVersion: "82104" uid: da48251e-f036-464d-8676-7b0cf454a7b1 spec: containers: - image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/container-repo/docker-hub:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent name: cloud-native resources: {} terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log terminationMessagePolicy: File volumeMounts: - mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount name: kube-api-access-db2kn readOnly: true dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst enableServiceLinks: true imagePullSecrets: - name: aliyunregistry nodeName: minikube preemptionPolicy: PreemptLowerPriority priority: 0 restartPolicy: Always schedulerName: default-scheduler securityContext: {} serviceAccount: default serviceAccountName: default terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30 tolerations: - effect: NoExecute key: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready operator: Exists tolerationSeconds: 300 - effect: NoExecute key: node.kubernetes.io/unreachable operator: Exists tolerationSeconds: 300 volumes: - name: kube-api-access-db2kn projected: defaultMode: 420 sources: - serviceAccountToken: expirationSeconds: 3607 path: token - configMap: items: - key: ca.crt path: ca.crt name: kube-root-ca.crt - downwardAPI: items: - fieldRef: apiVersion: v1 fieldPath: metadata.namespace path: namespace status: conditions: - lastProbeTime: null lastTransitionTime: "2022-08-24T01:26:32Z" status: "True" type: Initialized - lastProbeTime: null lastTransitionTime: "2022-09-03T12:43:03Z" status: "True" type: Ready - lastProbeTime: null lastTransitionTime: "2022-09-03T12:43:03Z" status: "True" type: ContainersReady - lastProbeTime: null lastTransitionTime: "2022-08-24T01:26:32Z" status: "True" type: PodScheduled containerStatuses: - containerID: docker://2804198750e70414b7cea29b6904c5e4d5df7ca9c91064c3a3289a87a7ffa5f9 image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/container-repo/docker-hub:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT imageID: docker-pullable://registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/container-repo/docker-hub@sha256:aa901df7e77dce21461b28d3c4c46241cdc3e0247631541b29eee551f3ee529b lastState: terminated: containerID: docker://912e26fa74ef1f3b3cd07e2a6ee21cd7db533e444245964be2c1be9cbea68e2e exitCode: 255 finishedAt: "2022-09-03T12:42:37Z" reason: Error startedAt: "2022-09-01T07:37:51Z" name: cloud-native ready: true restartCount: 6 started: true state: running: startedAt: "2022-09-03T12:43:02Z" hostIP: 192.168.76.2 phase: Running podIP: 172.17.0.5 podIPs: - ip: 172.17.0.5 qosClass: BestEffort startTime: "2022-08-24T01:26:32Z"
标签选择器 Label
为什么要有标签选择器
其实，一提到标签选择器，我第一时间便想到了 HTML 、 CSS 、 JavaScript 这 Web三剑客 了，因为 HTML 作为一种标记语音，其中充满了各类标签，而 CSS 与 JavaScript 在对标签操作时，第一步便是进行标签选择。
此外，我们做物联网平台开发时，为了方便对设备的管理，我们会对设备进行分组，同样也是通过不同的标签来实现，说白了，标签无非就是为了进行批量操作而进行的一个分组、归类手段。那么在容器化、微服务盛行的今天， Kubernetes 作为一种容器编排工具，面临的服务实例动辄成百上千，需要一种手段通过一次操作对属于某个组的所有 Pod 进行操作，而不必单独为每个 Pod 执行操作。在 Kubernetes 的世界中，通过标签来组织 Pod 和所有其他 Kubernetes 对象。
显示标签
# 获取所有Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (4m32s ago) 12d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (4m32s ago) 9d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (4m32s ago) 9d hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (4m32s ago) 42d # 获取所有Pod并显示标签 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po --show-labels NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE LABELS cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (4m58s ago) 12d <none> cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (4m58s ago) 9d app=cloud-native,pod-template-hash=7bc75f4c94 cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (4m58s ago) 9d app=cloud-native,pod-template-hash=7bc75f4c94 hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (4m58s ago) 42d app=hello-minikube,pod-template-hash=58647b77b8 # 获取所有Pod并分列显示指定标签 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -L app,pod-template-hash NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE APP POD-TEMPLATE-HASH cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (5m56s ago) 12d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (5m56s ago) 9d cloud-native 7bc75f4c94 cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (5m56s ago) 9d cloud-native 7bc75f4c94 hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (5m56s ago) 42d hello-minikube 58647b77b8
添加/修改标签
# 为cloud-native这个Pod设置标签：app=cloud-native-pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl label po cloud-native app=cloud-native-pod pod/cloud-native labeled # 查看新增的标签信息 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -L app,pod-template-hash NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE APP POD-TEMPLATE-HASH cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h11m ago) 12d cloud-native-pod cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h11m ago) 9d cloud-native 7bc75f4c94 cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h11m ago) 9d cloud-native 7bc75f4c94 hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (3h11m ago) 43d hello-minikube 58647b77b8 # 修改标签值，报错了 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl label po cloud-native app=cloud-native-pod1 error: 'app' already has a value (cloud-native-pod), and --overwrite is false # 修改标签值，需附加--overwrite参数 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl label po cloud-native app=cloud-native-pod-label --overwrite pod/cloud-native labeled # 查看修改后的标签信息 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -L app,pod-template-hash NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE APP POD-TEMPLATE-HASH cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h12m ago) 12d cloud-native-pod-label cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h12m ago) 9d cloud-native 7bc75f4c94 cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h12m ago) 9d cloud-native 7bc75f4c94 hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (3h12m ago) 43d hello-minikube
58647b77b8标签过滤
重头戏。就像数据库的 CRUD 操作，增加(Create)、更新(Update)和删除(Delete)这三个操作比较简单，检索(Retrieve)操作是核心。 Kubernetes 的标签管理操作中新增、修改、删除也很简单，关键在查询过滤标签：标签选择器。
# 标签过滤：单个条件，获取所有带有app标签且标签值为cloud-native的Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l app=cloud-native NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h19m ago) 9d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h19m ago) 9d # 标签过滤：单个条件，获取所有带有app标签的Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l app NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h19m ago) 12d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h19m ago) 9d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h19m ago) 9d hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (3h19m ago) 43d # 标签过滤：取反操作，获取所有不包含pod-template-hash标签的Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l '!pod-template-hash' NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h20m ago) 12d # 标签过滤：in操作，获取所有app标签为cloud-native或者hello-minikube的Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l 'app in (cloud-native, hello-minikube)' NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h26m ago) 9d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h26m ago) 9d hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (3h26m ago) 43d # 标签过滤：notin操作，获取所有app标签不为cloud-native或者hello-minikube的Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l 'app notin (cloud-native, hello-minikube)' NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h27m ago) 12d # 标签过滤：多个条件同时满足，获取所有app标签为cloud-native且pod-template-hash标签为7bc75f4c94的Pod [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l 'app=cloud-native, pod-template-hash=7bc75f4c94' NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h29m ago) 9d cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h29m ago) 9d
删除标签
# 添加一个gpu=true的标签 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl label po cloud-native gpu=true pod/cloud-native labeled # 查看新增的标签信息 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -L app,gpu NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE APP GPU cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h39m ago) 12d cloud-native-pod-label true cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h39m ago) 9d cloud-native cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h39m ago) 9d cloud-native hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (3h39m ago) 43d hello-minikube # 标签过滤：查看新增的标签信息 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -l gpu=true NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h45m ago) 12d # 删除标签（注意关键在于标签后面的-） [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl label po cloud-native gpu- pod/cloud-native unlabeled # 验证删除标签操作 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po -L app,gpu NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE APP GPU cloud-native 1/1 Running 7 (3h52m ago) 12d cloud-native-pod-label cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-47zg7 1/1 Running 6 (3h52m ago) 9d cloud-native cloud-native-7bc75f4c94-c2php 1/1 Running 6 (3h52m ago) 9d cloud-native hello-minikube-58647b77b8-srpbq 1/1 Running 13 (3h52m ago) 43d hello-minikube
为node添加标签
默认情况下，我们创建的 Pod 是随机地调度到工作节点上的。这正是在 Kubernetes 集群中工作的正确方式。由于 Kubernetes 将集群中的所有节点抽象为一个整体的部署平台，因此对于 Pod 实际调度到哪个节点而言是无关紧要的。然而，有时候我们需要对 Pod 调度到哪个节点上有发言权，eg：在用 Pytorch 做深度学习模型训练时，我们需要将执行 GPU 密集型运算的 Pod 调度到实际硬件支持 GPU 加速的节点上。
- 调度到指定节点
[root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl label node minikube gpu=true node/minikube labeled [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get nodes -l gpu=true NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION minikube Ready control-plane,master 43d v1.23.1 # 在YAML描述文件中配置， spec: nodeSelector: gpu: "true" • 节点标签 实际上，每个节点都有一个唯一标签，其中键为 kubernetes.io/hostname ，值为该节点的实际主机名 bash 复制代码 # 查看node的详细信息 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get nodes -o wide NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION INTERNAL-IP EXTERNAL-IP OS-IMAGE KERNEL-VERSION CONTAINER-RUNTIME minikube Ready control-plane,master 43d v1.23.1 192.168.76.2 <none> Ubuntu 20.04.4 LTS 3.10.0-1127.el7.x86_64 docker://20.10.17 # 查看node的标签 [root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get nodes --show-labels NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION LABELS minikube Ready control-plane,master 43d v1.23.1 beta.kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,beta.kubernetes.io/os=linux,gpu=true,kubernetes.io/arch=amd64,kubernetes.io/hostname=minikube,kubernetes.io/os=linux,minikube.k8s.io/commit=f4b412861bb746be73053c9f6d2895f12cf78565,minikube.k8s.io/name=minikube,minikube.k8s.io/primary=true,minikube.k8s.io/updated_at=2022_07_23T23_06_42_0700,minikube.k8s.io/version=v1.26.0,node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane=,node-role.kubernetes.io/master=,node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers=
Annotation注解
为什么需要注解
使用注解可以为每个 Pod 或其他 API 对象添加说明，以便每个使用该集群的入都可以快速查找有关每个单独对象的信息。例如，指定创建对象的人员姓名的注解可以使在集群中工作的人员之间的协作更加便利。
添加注解
从一开始的 kubectl get pod cloud-native -o yaml 信息中可以看到 Kubernetes 已经自动添加了一些 Annotations 信息，通过 kubectl annotate 命令可以添加/修改注解信息。
[root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl annotate pod cloud-native heartsuit.com/author="Heartsuit" pod/cloud-native annotated
查看注解
可以使用 kubectl describe 命令查看刚刚添加的注解： Annotations 。
[root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl describe pod cloud-native Name: cloud-native Namespace: default Priority: 0 Node: minikube/192.168.76.2 Start Time: Wed, 24 Aug 2022 09:26:32 +0800 Labels: app=cloud-native-pod-label Annotations: heartsuit.com/author: Heartsuit Status: Running IP: 172.17.0.6 IPs: IP: 172.17.0.6 Containers: cloud-native: Container ID: docker://c7ccba0903247af3588514420c10252824e2e19ed3ef99b07dbdb20b49c16be7 Image: registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/container-repo/docker-hub:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT Image ID: docker-pullable://registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/container-repo/docker-hub@sha256:aa901df7e77dce21461b28d3c4c46241cdc3e0247631541b29eee551f3ee529b Port: <none> Host Port: <none> State: Running Started: Mon, 05 Sep 2022 11:40:01 +0800 Last State: Terminated Reason: Error Exit Code: 255 Started: Sat, 03 Sep 2022 20:43:02 +0800 Finished: Mon, 05 Sep 2022 11:39:35 +0800 Ready: True Restart Count: 7 Environment: <none> Mounts: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount from kube-api-access-db2kn (ro) Conditions: Type Status Initialized True Ready True ContainersReady True PodScheduled True Volumes: kube-api-access-db2kn: Type: Projected (a volume that contains injected data from multiple sources) TokenExpirationSeconds: 3607 ConfigMapName: kube-root-ca.crt ConfigMapOptional: <nil> DownwardAPI: true QoS Class: BestEffort Node-Selectors: <none> Tolerations: node.kubernetes.io/not-ready:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s Events: <none>
NameSpace
就像我们在 Java 中使用 package 一样， Kubernetes 的 Namespace 也是为了对资源进行分组与隔离，而且可以将对象分割成完全独立且不重叠的组（显然，这一点与前面的标签进行分组有区别啦。前面的 Lable 标签是为了方便进行批量操作，而这里的 Namespace 命名空间则更多的是为了资源隔离）。
获取所有命名空间
如果我们不指定命名空间，则默认的资源都在 default 命名空间下。此外，我们可以看到 Kubernetes 默认还有其他自带的系统命名空间： kube-node-lease , kube-public , kube-system ；还有我们之前运行的 Dashboard 则在 kubernetes-dashboard 命名空间。
[root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get ns NAME STATUS AGE default Active 43d kube-node-lease Active 43d kube-public Active 43d kube-system Active 43d kubernetes-dashboard Active 43d
查看kube-system命名空间下的所有pod
以下是 Kubernetes 本身运行的一些 Pod 组件，在 kube-system 命名空间下。
[root@k8s0 ~]# kubectl get po --namespace kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE coredns-64897985d-rcrjq 1/1 Running 14 (4h17m ago) 43d etcd-minikube 1/1 Running 14 (4h17m ago) 43d kube-apiserver-minikube 1/1 Running 14 (4h17m ago) 43d kube-controller-manager-minikube 1/1 Running 14 (4h17m ago) 43d kube-proxy-6ffnk 1/1 Running 14 (4h17m ago) 43d kube-scheduler-minikube 1/1 Running 14 (4h17m ago) 43d storage-provisioner 1/1 Running 29 (4h16m ago) 43d
Note: 关于简写，在 Kubernetes 中通常会用到以下简写。
namespaces ns nodes no pods po services svc deployments deploy replicationcontrollers rc replicasets rs configmaps cm endpoints ep events ev cronjobs cj persistentvolumeclaims pvc persistentvolumes pv
If you have any questions or any bugs are found, please feel free to contact me.
Your comments and suggestions are welcome!
