准备preseed配置文件
d-i debian-installer/locale string en_US.UTF-8 d-i console-setup/ask_detect boolean false d-i keyboard-configuration/layoutcode string us d-i netcfg/choose_interface select auto d-i netcfg/dhcp_timeout string 60 d-i netcfg/get_hostname string unassigned-hostname d-i netcfg/get_domain string unassigned-domain d-i netcfg/wireless_wep string d-i base-installer/kernel/override-image string linux-server d-i mirror/http/mirror select gb.archive.ubuntu.com d-i mirror/http/proxy string d-i clock-setup/utc boolean true d-i localechooser/shortlist/zh_CN select d-i time/zone string Asia/Chongqing d-i clock-setup/ntp boolean true d-i partman-auto/disk string /dev/sda d-i partman-auto/method string regular d-i partman-lvm/device_remove_lvm boolean true d-i partman-md/device_remove_md boolean true d-i partman-lvm/confirm boolean true d-i partman-auto/choose_recipe select multi d-i partman/default_filesystem string ext4 d-i partman-partitioning/confirm_write_new_label boolean true d-i partman/choose_partition select finish d-i partman/confirm boolean true d-i partman/confirm_nooverwrite boolean true d-i passwd/user-fullname string scutech.com d-i passwd/username string scutech d-i passwd/user-password password dingjia d-i passwd/user-password-again password dingjia d-i user-setup/allow-password-weak boolean true d-i user-setup/encrypt-home boolean false tasksel tasksel/first multiselect none d-i pkgsel/include string openssh-server curl d-i pkgsel/language-packs multiselect en,zh d-i pkgsel/install-language-support boolean false d-i pkgsel/update-policy select unattended-upgrades d-i debian-installer/quiet boolean false d-i debian-installer/splash boolean false d-i grub-installer/only_debian boolean true d-i grub-installer/with_other_os boolean true d-i grub-installer/timeout string 0 d-i debian-installer/add-kernel-opts string vga=normal nomodeset audit=0 intel_idle.max_cstate=0 processor.max_cstate=1 cgroup_enable=memory swapaccount=1 d-i finish-install/reboot_in_progress note d-i preseed/late_command string in-target wget --output-document=/tmp/post-install.sh http://192.168.？.？/post-install.sh; in-target /bin/sh /tmp/post-install.sh
为了节省版面我把空行和注释都删除了，大家如果想知道每一个配置项的涵义可以查看ubuntu的官方文档Contents of the preconfiguration file
几点说明：
这里的语言，地区，键盘等设置都是适合大陆的情况的；
hostname在preseed里面设置了没有用，这应该是Xenial的bug，不知道Bionic改好了没有；
最后一项是调用一个shell脚本，这个很实用的功能，但我实际测试时这个不支持tftp（wget和curl都不行），只能用http。
准备post-install程序
#!/bin/bash HOSTNAME='infosemper' USERNAME='scutech' PACKAGES='htop nano sudo python-minimal vim rsync dnsutils less ntp' apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y apt-get -y dist-upgrade apt-get install $PACKAGES -y # Add SSH Key for default user mkdir /home/$USERNAME/.ssh/ cat > /home/$USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys <<EOF SSH-KEY HERE EOF chmod 700 /home/$USERNAME/.ssh chmod 600 /home/$USERNAME/.ssh/authorized_keys chown -R $USERNAME:$USERNAME /home/$USERNAME/.ssh # Add SSH Key for root user mkdir /root/.ssh/ cat > /root/.ssh/authorized_keys <<EOF SSH-KEY HERE EOF chmod 700 /root/.ssh chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys chown -R root:root /root/.ssh # Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config sed -i '/^PermitRootLogin/s/prohibit-password/yes/' /etc/ssh/sshd_config sed -i -e 's/#PasswordAuthentication/PasswordAuthentication/g' /etc/ssh/sshd_config hostn=$(cat /etc/hostname) sudo sed -i "s/$hostn/$HOSTNAME/g" /etc/hosts sudo sed -i "s/$hostn/$HOSTNAME/g" /etc/hostname sudo reboot
这个程序只是一个例子，让大家知道你在preseed里可以调用shell的各种命令。
配置tftp服务器
安装包
apt-get install tftpd-hpa
修改tftp的配置文件到如下格式：
cat /etc/default/tftpd-hpa # /etc/default/tftpd-hpa TFTP_USERNAME="tftp" TFTP_DIRECTORY="/home/scutech/tftp" TFTP_ADDRESS=":69" TFTP_OPTIONS="--secure --create"
查看69端口占用情况:
# ss -naup|grep :69 UNCONN 0 0 *:69 *:* users:(("in.tftpd",pid=20534,fd=4)) UNCONN 0 0 :::69 :::* users:(("in.tftpd",pid=20534,fd=5))
查看服务状态
# systemctl status tftpd-hpa ● tftpd-hpa.service - LSB: HPA's tftp server Loaded: loaded (/etc/init.d/tftpd-hpa; bad; vendor preset: enabled) Active: active (running) since Thu 2019-10-10 17:23:33 CST; 2min 25s ago Docs: man:systemd-sysv-generator(8) CGroup: /system.slice/tftpd-hpa.service └─20534 /usr/sbin/in.tftpd --listen --user tftp --address :69 --secure /var/lib/tftpboot Oct 10 17:23:33 ubuntu1604 systemd[1]: Starting LSB: HPA's tftp server... Oct 10 17:23:33 ubuntu1604 tftpd-hpa[20491]: * Starting HPA's tftpd in.tftpd Oct 10 17:23:33 ubuntu1604 tftpd-hpa[20491]: ...done. Oct 10 17:23:33 ubuntu1604 systemd[1]: Started LSB: HPA's tftp server.
创建工作目录，并修改权限
mkdir -p /home/scutech/tftp/d-i/xenial/script chmod 777 /home/scutech/tftp chown -R tftp:tftp /home/scutech/tftp systemctl restart tftpd-hpa
使用tftp进行测试（略）
将preseed.cfg拷贝到/home/scuteh/tftp/d-i/xenial目录下，将post-install程序拷贝到 /home/scuteh/tftp/d-i/xenial/script目录下
安装buntu时加载preseed
启动时修改参数，将“file-/cdrom/preseed/ubuntu-server.seed”改成 “auto=true url=tftp://192.168.？？/preseed.cfg hostname=scutech”。
安装过程中自动从tftp服务器上下载preseed配置文件
加载这个preseed配置文件后后面就什么不用做了，等着吧：
完成后自动重新启动，我在做分区时选择的是multi，这样 /home, /usr, /var, /tmp 几个分区是分开的：
这是一个40G硬盘的分区例子，实际工作中分区可能比这要复杂，preseed配置文件中可以保护子文件，可以对每一种分区的不同情况调用不同的子文件，以后有机会我会贴一下例子上来。
