Linux基本指令(一)

简介: Linux常用基本指令前言:linux不止命令,命令这是工具文件1. lsls [选项] [目录或文件]作用:列出该目录下所有的子目录与文件常见选项:-a 列出目录下的所有文件,包括以.开头的隐含文件

Linux常用基本指令

前言:linux不止命令,命令这是工具文件

1. ls

ls [选项] [目录或文件]

作用:列出该目录下所有的子目录与文件

常见选项:

-a 列出目录下的所有文件,包括以.开头的隐含文件

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -a
.  ..  .bash_history  .bash_logout  .bash_profile  .bashrc  .cache  .config  .cshrc  jyh  .pip  .pydistutils.cfg  .ssh  .tcshrc

-l 列出文件详细信息(ls -l = ll)

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -l
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 11 16:26 jyh

-R 列出所有子目录下的文件(递归)

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# tree
.
`-- jyh
    `-- instruction
        |-- a.out
        |-- README.txt
        `-- test.c
2 directories, 3 files
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -R
.:
jyh
./jyh:
instruction
./jyh/instruction:
a.out  README.txt  test.c

-i 输出文件的i节点的索引信息。如ls -ai 指定文件

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -ai
393219 .       2 ..  393318 .bash_history  397151 .bash_logout  397152 .bash_profile  397153 .bashrc  393280 .cache  393313 .config  397154 .cshrc  656510 jyh  393690 .pip  394368 .pydistutils.cfg  135701 .ssh  397155 .tcshrc

-r 对目录反向排序

[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# ls -r
test  instruction
[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# ls
instruction  test

-n 用数字的UID,GID代替名称(Linux 系统中,每个用户的 ID 细分为 2 种,分别是用户 ID(User ID,简称 UID)和组 ID(Group ID,简称 GID))

[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# ls -n
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 11 16:57 instruction
drwxr-xr-x 2 0 0 4096 Nov 11 17:26 test
[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# ls -l
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 11 16:57 instruction
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 11 17:26 test

2. pwd

作用:显示用户当前所在目录

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# pwd
/root

3. cd

cd 目录名

作用:改变工作目录

.表示当前路径,…表示上级路径

cd … :返回上级目录

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cd jyh
[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# pwd
/root/jyh
[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# cd test
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# pwd
/root/jyh/test
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# cd ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos jyh]# pwd
/root/jyh

cd /root/jyh/linux/ : 绝对路径(/表示Linux的路径分隔符)

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -R
.:
jyh
./jyh:
instruction  test
./jyh/instruction:
a.out  README.txt  test.c
./jyh/test:
test.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# pwd
/root
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cd jyh/test/
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# pwd/root/jyh/test

cd …/day01/ : 相对路径

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -R
.:
jyh
./jyh:
instruction  test
./jyh/instruction:
a.out  README.txt  test.c
./jyh/test:
test.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# pwd
/root
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cd jyh/instruction/
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction]# pwd
/root/jyh/instruction
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction]# cd ../test/
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# pwd
/root/jyh/test

cd ~ : 进入用户家目录

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -R
.:
jyh
./jyh:
instruction  test
./jyh/instruction:
a.out  README.txt  test.c
./jyh/test:
test.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cd jyh/test/
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# pwd
/root/jyh/test
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# cd ~
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# pwd
/root

cd - :返回最近访问目录

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# pwd
/root
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# ls -R
.:
jyh
./jyh:
instruction  test
./jyh/instruction:
a.out  README.txt  test.c
./jyh/test:
test.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# cd jyh/instruction/
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction]# pwd
/root/jyh/instruction
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction]# cd ../test/
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# pwd
/root/jyh/test
[root@VM-12-12-centos test]# cd -
/root/jyh/instruction
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction]# pwd
/root/jyh/instruction

补充:/ : 表示linux的根目录

[root@VM-12-12-centos /]# pwd
/

4. touch

touch [选项]

作用:在当前路径下创建一个普通文件

5. tree

作用:以树状结构显示Linux执行的目录结构(当没有此指令时,在root用户下,输入yum install -y tree

[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# pwd
/root
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# whoami
root
[root@VM-12-12-centos ~]# tree
.
`-- jyh
    |-- instruction
    |   |-- a.out
    |   |-- README.txt
    |   `-- test.c
    |-- study_2022_11_11
    `-- test
        `-- test.txt
4 directories, 4 files

6. mkdir

mkdir [选项] 目录名

功能:在当前目录下创建一个目录

mkdir -p test/test1/ :递归建立多个目录

7. rmdir

rmdir [选项] [文件名]

作用:删除空目录

8. rm

rm [选项] [目录/文件名]

作用:删除文件或目录

-f : 强制删除

-r : 删除目录及其下所有文件

9. man

man [选项] 命令

作用:查看联机手册

没有此指令可以直接指向该指令下载:

yum install -y man-pages

手册分为八册:

  1. 普通命令
  2. 系统调用
  3. 库函数
  4. 特殊文件
  5. 文件的格式和约定
  6. 游戏
  7. 杂项(包括宏包和约定)
  8. 系统管理命令
  9. 内核例程[非标准]

man 1 printf(在1号手册中查找printf指令)

10. cp

cp [选项] 源文件或目录 目标文件或目录

作用:复制文件或目录

//操作:把instruction1目录中的cp.txt复制到mydir目录中
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 15 20:19 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree
.
|-- cp.txt
`-- mydir
1 directory, 1 file
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cp cp.txt mydir/
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 15 20:19 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree
.
|-- cp.txt
`-- mydir
    `-- cp.txt
1 directory, 2 files

-f 或 --force 强行复制文件或目录

-r 递归处理 将指定目录下的文件与子目录一并处理

//操作:把当前目录下的文件复制到上级目录
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 15 20:19 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cd ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# ll
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:05 instruction1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   53 Nov 12 16:58 README.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# cd instruction1/
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 15 20:19 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cp cp.txt ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cd ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# ll
total 8
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 16 21:11 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:05 instruction1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   53 Nov 12 16:58 README.txt
//把当前目录下的目录复制到上级目录中
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree
.
|-- cp.txt
`-- mydir
    `-- cp.txt
1 directory, 2 files
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cd ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# ll
total 8
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:05 instruction1
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   53 Nov 12 16:58 README.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# cd instruction1/
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 15 20:19 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree
.
|-- cp.txt
`-- mydir
    `-- cp.txt
1 directory, 2 files
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cp mydir ..
cp: omitting directory ‘mydir’ //报错:省略目录
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cp -r mydir/
cp: missing destination file operand after ‘mydir/’ //报错:没有目标文件
Try 'cp --help' for more information.
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cp -r mydir ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 15 20:19 cp.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cd ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# ll
total 12
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:05 instruction1
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:16 mydir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root   53 Nov 12 16:58 README.txt

11. mv

mv [选项] 源文件或目录 目标文件或目录

-f : 强制剪切

作用一:剪切目录或文件

//剪切文件和目录到上级目录下
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 16 21:24 mv.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ls .. //上级目录
instruction1  README.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mv mv.txt 
mv: missing destination file operand after ‘mv.txt’ //报错:没有目标文件或目录
Try 'mv --help' for more information.
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mv mv.txt ..
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ls ..
instruction1  mv.txt  README.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mv mydir/ .. //默认递归剪切
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ls .. 
instruction1  mv.txt  mydir  README.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 0
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cd .. //回到上级目录
[root@VM-12-12-centos study_2022_11_11]# tree
.
|-- instruction1
|-- mv.txt
|-- mydir
|   `-- cp.txt
`-- README.txt

作用二:剪切自身且目标文件在当前目录中不存在的时候就是重命名

//重命名文件和目录
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 16 21:24 mv.txt
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 mydir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mv mydir dir
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 16 21:24 mv.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# mv mv.txt mymv.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Nov 16 21:06 dir
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    0 Nov 16 21:24 mymv.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# tree
.
|-- dir
|   `-- cp.txt
`-- mymv.txt
1 directory, 2 files

12. cat

cat [选项] [文件]

-n : 对输出的所有行进行编号

作用:查看目标文件的内容

[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# nano myfile.txt  //编辑
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 Nov 16 21:35 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
这是我要展示的内容!
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat -n myfile.txt 
     1  这是我要展示的内容!

13. echo

echo 内容

作用:在显示器上显示内容(用于查看短文本)

-e : 打印出转义字符

-n : 去掉echo末尾的换行符

[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# clear
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello Linux"
hello Linux
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello Linux\n"
hello Linux\n
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo -e "hello Linux\n"
hello Linux
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# 
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo -e -n  "hello Linux\n"
hello Linux
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#

补充:> :输出重定向(覆盖式写入)

>文件名:清空文件内容

[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 31 Nov 16 21:35 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
这是我要展示的内容!
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello Linux" > myfile.txt 
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 Nov 16 21:49 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
hello Linux
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#

怎么去理解这个输出重定向呢?

45883d84c63ef56aa7294b7aa0853544.png

//现象一:覆盖式写入(写入之前会先清空文件)
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 12 Nov 16 21:49 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
hello Linux
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello" > myfile.txt 
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
hello
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "qqqweef" > myfile.txt 
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
qqqweef
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#
//现象二:追加
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 8 Nov 16 21:59 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
qqqweef
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello" >> myfile.txt 
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
qqqweef
hello
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello" >> myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# echo "hello" >> myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat  myfile.txt 
qqqweef
hello
hello
hello
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]#

补充: >> :追加重定向

补充: < :输入重定向

[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Nov 16 22:02 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
qqqweef
hello
hello
hello
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat < myfile.txt  //把文件内容读到cat打印
qqqweef
hello
hello
hello

14. wc

作用:计算字数

[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Nov 16 22:02 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
qqqweef
hello
hello
hello
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# wc -l myfile.txt 
4 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# 

-c或–bytes 或–chars 只显示bytes数

-l或–lines 显示行数

-w或–words 只显示字数

–version 显示版本信息

15. more

more [选项] [文件]

作用:查看长文本内容

-n : 对输出的所有行编号

q : 退出more

//查看一下myfile.txt大文本
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Nov 16 22:02 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# pwd
/root/study_2022_11_11/instruction1
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cnt=0; while [ $cnt -le 100 ]; do echo "hello $cnt"; let cnt++; done > myfile.txt 
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# ll
total 4
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 900 Nov 17 23:25 myfile.txt
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# cat myfile.txt 
hello 0
hello 1
hello 2
hello 3
hello 4
hello 5
hello 6
hello 7
hello 8
hello 9
hello 10
hello 11
hello 12
hello 13
hello 14
hello 15
hello 16
hello 17
hello 18
hello 19
hello 20
hello 21
hello 22
hello 23
hello 24
hello 25
hello 26
hello 27
hello 28
hello 29
hello 30
hello 31
hello 32
hello 33
hello 34
hello 35
hello 36
hello 37
hello 38
hello 39
hello 40
hello 41
hello 42
hello 43
hello 44
hello 45
hello 46
hello 47
hello 48
hello 49
hello 50
hello 51
hello 52
hello 53
hello 54
hello 55
hello 56
hello 57
hello 58
hello 59
hello 60
hello 61
hello 62
hello 63
hello 64
hello 65
hello 66
hello 67
hello 68
hello 69
hello 70
hello 71
hello 72
hello 73
hello 74
hello 75
hello 76
hello 77
hello 78
hello 79
hello 80
hello 81
hello 82
hello 83
hello 84
hello 85
hello 86
hello 87
hello 88
hello 89
hello 90
hello 91
hello 92
hello 93
hello 94
hello 95
hello 96
hello 97
hello 98
hello 99
hello 100
[root@VM-12-12-centos instruction1]# more myfile.txt

16. less

less [选项] 文件

作用:查看大文本内容

  1. 可以使用 pageup和pagedown等按键的功能来往前往后翻看文件,更容易用来查看一个文件的内容!
  2. less 工具也是对文件或其它输出进行分页显示的工具

/字符串:向下搜索“字符串”

?字符串:向上搜索”字符串“

q : 退出





















相关文章
|
27天前
|
Linux Windows
Linux之基本指令操作
Linux之基本指令操作
|
2天前
|
Unix Linux Windows
Linux的学习之路:3、基础指令(2)
Linux的学习之路:3、基础指令(2)
24 0
|
1天前
|
算法 Linux
工作中常用的一些Linux指令,简单易记还实用(三)
工作中,离不开Linux系统,很多刚步入职场的小白,往往对于Linux操作系统的使用都显得生疏,最主要的就是对一些常用的指令记忆不熟练,下面就罗列一些使用度比较高的一些Linux指令,一起来巩固学习一下。这一部分的指令就稍微偏一点了,是接着上一篇博客后面写的,感兴趣的朋友可以回头看看前一篇,再回来看这个。
10 1
|
1天前
|
Linux Shell
工作中常用的一些Linux指令,简单易记还实用
工作中常用的一些Linux指令,简单易记还实用
7 2
|
7天前
|
安全 Linux
Linux基本指令(下)——“Linux”
Linux基本指令(下)——“Linux”
|
8天前
|
人工智能 Unix Linux
Linux基本指令
Linux基本指令
|
12天前
|
Linux Windows
|
12天前
|
Linux
Linux 指令|date|cal|find|grep|热键
Linux 指令|date|cal|find|grep|热键
|
12天前
|
Linux
Linux简单指令|cd|touch|mkdir|rmdir|rm
Linux简单指令|cd|touch|mkdir|rmdir|rm
|
12天前
|
存储 安全 Unix
Linux基本指令汇总
Linux基本指令汇总
50 2