附录B:碳排放计算模型
国内常用的碳排放计算模型有MOVES模型、EMBEV模型、CRTEM模型、IVEChina模型和CVEM模型。上述模型在国内具有大量的统计数据,已在北京、上海、深 圳和成都等城市进行本地化修正并已应用。
MOVES模型
MOVES模型是使用最广泛的微观排放模型,基于车辆比功率(VSP)、速度和加 速度等实际车辆工况特征参数,可以反映实际运行状态下的排放差异,并可以与交通仿 真工具结合。MOVES模型中开放的数据库存储了不同车辆类型、车龄、车速及车辆比 功率下的车辆基本排放因子,称之为微单元(Bin),同时存储了其他相关影响因素的 修正系数,具有很强的可扩展性。MOVES模型的计算思路如下:
参考文献:
Perugu, H. (2019) Emission modelling of light-duty vehicles in India using the revamped VSP-based MOVES model: The case study of Hyderabad. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 68, 150-163.
Chen, S., Du, Z., Shi, X., Liu, Y., Li, S., Shao, C. & Steve-harold, K. W. (2021) MOVES-Beijing-based high spatial and temporal resolution ammonia emissions from road traffic in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment. 256, 118443.
Abou-Senna, H. & Radwan, E. (2013) VISSIM/MOVES integration to investigate the effect of major key parameters on CO2 emissions. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 21, 39-46.
EMBEV模型
EMBEV模型是清华大学根据大样本测试数据开发的符合中国城市车辆技术特点的 排放模型,先后应用于北京、南京和澳门等城市。该模型设计了图形用户界面层、逻辑 控制与计算层和数据库层,考虑了车型、能源类型、国标、车龄和车型组成比例等因素。 EMBEV模型的计算思路如下:
参考文献:
Zhang, S., Wu, Y., Wu, X., Li, M., Ge, Y., Liang, B., Xu, Y., Zhou, Y., Liu, H., Fu, L. & Hao, J. (2014) Historic and future trends of vehicle emissions in Beijing, 1998–2020: A policy assessment for the most stringent vehicle emission control program in China. Atmospheric Environment. 89, 216-229.
Wen, Y., Zhang, S., He, L., Yang, S., Wu, X. & Wu, Y. (2021) Characterizing start emissions of gasoline vehicles and the seasonal, diurnal and spatial variabilities in China. Atmospheric Environment. 245, 118040.
Wu, X., Wu, Y., Zhang, S., Liu, H., Fu, L. & Hao, J. (2016) Assessment of vehicle emission programs in China during 1998–2013: Achievement, challenges and implications. Environmental Pollution. 214, 556-567.
CRTEM模型
CRTEM是基于HEBFA开发的中国道路交通排放模型,采用自上而下的计算模式, 具有高时空分辨率的特点,已应用于北京、深圳和天津等城市。该模型考虑了排放类型、 车辆类别、年份、交通流状况和道路坡度等因素。CRTEM的计算思路如下:
参考文献:
Federal Ministry for the Environment.(2021) Modelling road transport emissions in china. Available from: https://changing-transport.org/publication/modelling-road-transport-emissions-in-china/ [Accessed 14th November 2021].
能源与交通创新中心. (2015) 城市交通排放计算-私家车. Available from: http://www.icet.org.cn/ [Accessed 14th November 2021].
IVE-China模型
IVE-China模型是专门为发展中国家设计的机动车排放模型,已应用于北京、上海 等城市,并建立了各城市的排放因子数据库,具有高时间分辨率的特点,可以很好的反 应车辆工况(如:不同VSP)对排放的影响。 IVE-China模型的计算思路如下:
参考文献:
Guo, H., Zhang, Q.-Y., Shi, Y. & Wang, D.-H. (2007) Evaluation of the international vehicle emission (IVE) model with on-road remote sensing measurements. Journal of Environmental Sciences. 19, 818- 826.
Wang, H., Chen, C., Huang, C. & Fu, L. (2008) On-road vehicle emission inventory and its uncertainty analysis for shanghai, china. Science of The Total Environment. 398, 60-67.
Zhou, Z., Tan, Q., Liu, H., Deng, Y., Wu, K., Lu, C. & Zhou, X. (2019) Emission characteristics and highresolution spatial and temporal distribution of pollutants from motor vehicles in Chengdu, China. Atmospheric Pollution Research. 10, 749-758.
CVEM模型
CVEM模型是结合国内外交通排放模型,由我国环保部机动车排放监控中心进行本 地化后建立的。该模型考虑了环境因素(温度、海拔和燃料类型)、车辆活动因素(不 同类型道路的车辆平均速度、不同类型道路的机动车活动比例和机动车年行驶里程)和 车辆技术属性因素(车龄、车型、排放标准和各类型车辆保有量)。但是CVEM是基于 保有量的排放模型,难以体现交通政策变化产生的排放影响,难以精确地刻画排放的时 空分布。
参考文献:
唐艺, 尹航, 黄志辉, 于雷 & 宋国华. (2018) CVEM排放模型在综合交通规划中的应用——以成渝城市群为例. 交 通运输研究. 4(04), 31-40.
Liu, D., Deng, Q., Ren, Z., Zhou, Z., Song, Z., Huang, J. & Hu, R. (2020) Variation trends and principal component analysis of nitrogen oxide emissions from motor vehicles in Wuhan city from 2012 to 2017. Science of The Total Environment. 704, 134987.