ctypes.wintypes
import ctypes.wintypes def getDocPath(pathID=5): '''path=5: My Documents''' buf= ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(ctypes.wintypes.MAX_PATH) ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(None, pathID, None, 0, buf) return buf.value for i in range(60): print(i,getDocPath(i)) print('\nMy Documents\' Path:',end='\n\t') print(getDocPath())
运行结果：（可以得到几十种windows系统路径）
0 C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop
1
2 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs
3
4
5 d:\Documents
6 d:\Favorites
7 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
8 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent
9 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\SendTo
10
11 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu
12
13 C:\Users\Administrator\Music
14 C:\Users\Administrator\Videos
15
16 C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop
17
18
19 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Network Shortcuts
20 C:\Windows\Fonts
21 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Templates
22 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu
23 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs
24 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
25 C:\Users\Public\Desktop
26 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming
27 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Printer Shortcuts
28 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local
29 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
30 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup
31 d:\Favorites
32 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files
33 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Cookies
34 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\History
35 C:\ProgramData
36 C:\Windows
37 C:\Windows\system32
38 C:\Program Files
39 d:\Pictures
40 C:\Users\Administrator
41 C:\Windows\SysWOW64
42 C:\Program Files (x86)
43 C:\Program Files\Common Files
44 C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files
45 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Templates
46 C:\Users\Public\Documents
47 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Administrative Tools
48 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Administrative Tools
49
50
51
52
53 C:\Users\Public\Music
54 C:\Users\Public\Pictures
55 C:\Users\Public\Videos
56 C:\Windows\resources
57 C:\Windows\resources\0804
58 C:\ProgramData\OEM Links
59 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Burn\Burn
My Documents' Path:
d:\Documents
win32com.shell
from win32com.shell import shell def getDocPath(pathID=5): try: return shell.SHGetFolderPath(0, pathID, None, 0) except: return '' for i in range(60): print(i,getDocPath(i)) print('\nMy Documents\' Path:',end='\n\t') print(getDocPath())
运行结果：（同 ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW() 返回的完全一致，但本函数 win32com.shell.SHGetFolderPath() 若pathID不存在会报错退出，所以用了try...except语句） 0 C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop 1 2 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs 3 4 5 d:\Documents 6 d:\Favorites 7 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup 8 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Recent 9 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\SendTo 10 11 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu 12 13 C:\Users\Administrator\Music 14 C:\Users\Administrator\Videos 15 16 C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop 17 18 19 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Network Shortcuts 20 C:\Windows\Fonts 21 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Templates 22 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu 23 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs 24 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup 25 C:\Users\Public\Desktop 26 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming 27 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Printer Shortcuts 28 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local 29 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup 30 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Startup 31 d:\Favorites 32 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Temporary Internet Files 33 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Cookies 34 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\History 35 C:\ProgramData 36 C:\Windows 37 C:\Windows\system32 38 C:\Program Files 39 d:\Pictures 40 C:\Users\Administrator 41 C:\Windows\SysWOW64 42 C:\Program Files (x86) 43 C:\Program Files\Common Files 44 C:\Program Files (x86)\Common Files 45 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Templates 46 C:\Users\Public\Documents 47 C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Administrative Tools 48 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs\Administrative Tools 49 50 51 52 53 C:\Users\Public\Music 54 C:\Users\Public\Pictures 55 C:\Users\Public\Videos 56 C:\Windows\resources 57 C:\Windows\resources\0804 58 C:\ProgramData\OEM Links 59 C:\Users\Administrator\AppData\Local\Microsoft\Windows\Burn\Burn My Documents' Path: d:\Documents
os.path
用函数os.path.expanduser('~') 或者：os.path.expandvars('$HOME') 获取用户路径
>>> from os import path >>> path.expanduser('~') 'C:\\Users\\Administrator' >>> os.path.expandvars('$HOME') 'C:\\Users\\Administrator >>> path.expanduser('~\Desktop') 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Desktop' >>> docPath=path.expanduser('~\Documents') >>> docPath 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\Documents' >>>
比较简短，但不是很方便。其对应的参数是系统路径的文本不是数字，且只是系统用户名下的默认路径。
import os.path def getDocPath(): return os.path.expanduser('~\Documents') print(getDocPath())
configparser.ConfigParser
由os.system()从环境变量中获取路径写入.ini文件，用函数ConfigParser()来读取（需要安装configparser库）。
E:\>pip install ConfigParser Collecting ConfigParser Downloading configparser-5.0.2-py3-none-any.whl (19 kB) Installing collected packages: ConfigParser Successfully installed ConfigParser-5.0.2
import os import configparser def getDocPath(): os.system("@echo [HOME]>c:\home.ini") os.system("@set HOME>>c:\home.ini") config = configparser.ConfigParser() config.read_file(open(r'c:\home.ini')) path = config.get("HOME","HOME") os.remove(r'c:\home.ini') return path + '\Documents' print(getDocPath())
os.getenv
用函数os.getenv('HOME']) 或者os.environ['HOME']直接获取环境变量，不用读写ini文件。
注意：两者所用括号的区别，后者不是函数而是字典，os.environ 返回全部环境变量。
>>> import os >>> os.getenv("HOME") 'C:\\Users\\Administrator' >>> os.environ['HOME'] 'C:\\Users\\Administrator' >>> os.environ environ({'ALLUSERSPROFILE': 'C:\\ProgramData', 'APPDATA': 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Roaming', 'ASL.LOG': 'Destination=file', 'COMMONPROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files\\Common Files', 'COMMONPROGRAMFILES(X86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Common Files', 'COMMONPROGRAMW6432': 'C:\\Program Files\\Common Files', 'COMPUTERNAME': 'PC-20160915', 'COMSPEC': 'C:\\Windows\\system32\\cmd.exe', 'FP_NO_HOST_CHECK': 'NO', 'FREI0R_PATH': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\APOWER~1\\VIDEOC~1\\frei0r;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Apowersoft\\Video Converter Studio\\frei0r', 'HOME': 'C:\\Users\\Administrator', 'HOMEDRIVE': 'C:', 'HOMEPATH': '\\Users\\Administrator', 'LNKEVN': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Internet Explorer\\iexplore.exe', 'LOCALAPPDATA': 'C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local', 'LOGONSERVER': '\\\\PC-20160915', 'MOZ_PLUGIN_PATH': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Foxit Software\\Foxit Reader\\plugins\\', 'NUMBER_OF_PROCESSORS': '2', 'OS': 'Windows_NT', 'PATH': 'C:\\Windows\\system32;C:\\Windows;C:\\Windows\\System32\\Wbem;C:\\Windows\\System32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\;C:\\Program Files\\Calibre2\\;C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\Tools\\Binn\\;C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\Tools\\Binn\\;C:\\Program Files\\Microsoft SQL Server\\100\\DTS\\Binn\\;E:\\Python\\Scripts\\;E:\\Python\\;C:\\Users\\Administrator\\AppData\\Local\\Programs\\Python\\Launcher\\;E:\\PyCharm\\bin;', 'PATHEXT': '.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD;.VBS;.VBE;.JS;.JSE;.WSF;.WSH;.MSC', 'PROCESSOR_ARCHITECTURE': 'AMD64', 'PROCESSOR_IDENTIFIER': 'Intel64 Family 6 Model 23 Stepping 10, GenuineIntel', 'PROCESSOR_LEVEL': '6', 'PROCESSOR_REVISION': '170a', 'PROGRAMDATA': 'C:\\ProgramData', 'PROGRAMFILES': 'C:\\Program Files', 'PROGRAMFILES(X86)': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)', 'PROGRAMW6432': 'C:\\Program Files', 'PSMODULEPATH': 'C:\\Windows\\system32\\WindowsPowerShell\\v1.0\\Modules\\', 'PUBLIC': 'C:\\Users\\Public', 'PYCHARM COMMUNITY EDITION': 'E:\\PyCharm\\bin;', 'SESSIONNAME': 'Console', 'SYSTEMDRIVE': 'C:', 'SYSTEMROOT': 'C:\\Windows', 'TEMP': 'C:\\Users\\ADMINI~1\\AppData\\Local\\Temp', 'TMP': 'C:\\Users\\ADMINI~1\\AppData\\Local\\Temp', 'USERDOMAIN': 'PC-20160915', 'USERNAME': 'Administrator', 'USERPROFILE': 'C:\\Users\\Administrator', 'VS100COMNTOOLS': 'C:\\Program Files (x86)\\Microsoft Visual Studio 10.0\\Common7\\Tools\\', 'WINDIR': 'C:\\Windows', 'WINDOWS_TRACING_FLAGS': '3', 'WINDOWS_TRACING_LOGFILE': 'C:\\BVTBin\\Tests\\installpackage\\csilogfile.log', '_DFX_INSTALL_UNSIGNED_DRIVER': '1'}) >>>
import os def getDocPath(): return os.getenv("home")+'\Documents' def getDesktopPath(): return os.getenv("home")+'\Desktop' print(getDocPath()) print(getDesktopPath())
winreg.OpenKey
从注册表中读取，“我的文档”是个特殊键，键值为： {374DE290-123F-4565-9164-39C4925E467B}
import winreg def getDocPath(): key = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER,r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders') return winreg.QueryValueEx(key, "{374DE290-123F-4565-9164-39C4925E467B}")[0] print(getDocPath())
由以下截图可以看出“桌面”可以用'Desktop'来获取；“我的文档”除了上面那个特殊值也能用'Personal'代替。
综上这么几种方法，比较倾向于推荐前二种方法！ 总结代码如下：
from os import path as p import ctypes.wintypes def getDocPath(pathID=5): '''默认返回我的文档路径，buf为空则返回当前工作路径''' buf= ctypes.create_unicode_buffer(ctypes.wintypes.MAX_PATH) ctypes.windll.shell32.SHGetFolderPathW(None, pathID, None, 0, buf) return p.dirname(p.realpath(__file__)) if buf.value=='' else buf.value print(getDocPath()) print(getDocPath(60))
或者：
import os from win32com.shell import shell def getDocPath(pathID=5): '''默认返回我的文档路径，出错则返回当前工作路径''' try: return shell.SHGetFolderPath(0, pathID, None, 0) except: return os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) print(getDocPath()) print(getDocPath(60))
