Session简单介绍
在WEB开发中,服务器可以为每个浏览器用户创建一个会话对象(session对象),注意:一个浏览器用户独占一个session对象(默认情况下)。因此,在需要保存用户数据时,服务器程序可以把用户数据写到浏览器用户独占的session中,当用户使用浏览器访问该web应用的其它servlet时,其它servlet可以从用户的session中取出该用户的数据,为用户服务,从而实现数据在多个页面中的共享。
Session和Cookie的主要区别
- Cookie是把用户的数据写到用户的浏览器。
- Session技术把用户的数据写到用户独占的session中,tomcat服务器内存中。
- Session对象由服务器创建,开发人员可以调用request对象的getSession方法得到session对象
session机制演示图
服务器通过request对象的getSession方法创建出session对象后,会把session的id号,以cookie的形式回写给客户机,这样,只要客户机的浏览器不关,再去访问服务器时,都会带着session的id号去,服务器发现客户机浏览器带session id过来了,就会使用内存中与之对应的session为之服务。
一个例子
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test") public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession(); httpSession.setAttribute("user","zhangsan"); System.out.println(httpSession.getId()); } }
在开发者工具中查看,第一发出时请求响应头当中有Set-Cooie
再次请求时(刷新),响应头当中将没有Set-Cookie,而请求头当中将有Cookie发回给服务器,
两个Cookie完全一样,以后的每次请求都会找到那个session对象,完成跟踪。
Session cookie
session通过SessionID来区分不同的客户, session是以cookie为基础的,系统会创造一个名为JSESSIONID的输出cookie,这称之为session cookie,以区别persistent cookies(也就是我们通常所说的cookie),session cookie是存储于浏览器内存中的,并不是写到硬盘上的,session cookie针对某一次会话而言,会话结束session cookie也就随着消失了,而persistent cookie只是存在于客户端硬盘上的一段文本。
关闭浏览器,只会使浏览器端内存里的session cookie消失,但不会使保存在服务器端的session对象消失,同样也不会使已经保存到硬盘上的持久化cookie消失。
持久化session cookie
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test") public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession(); Cookie cookie = new Cookie("JESSIONID",httpSession.getId()); cookie.setMaxAge(300); } }
关闭浏览器,5分钟之内打开浏览器,session依然有效。
HttpSession的生命周期
问题:用户开一个浏览器访问一个网站,服务器是不是针对这次会话创建一个session?
答:不是的。session的创建时机是在程序中第一次去执行request.getSession();这个代码,服务器才会为你创建session。
问题:关闭浏览器,会话结束,session是不是就销毁了呢?
答:不是的。session是30分钟没人用了才会死,服务器会自动摧毁session。
session何时会销毁
A.调用invalidate()方法,该方法使HttpSession立即失效
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test") public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession(); httpSession.invalidate(); } }
B.服务器卸载了当前WEB应用
C.超出session过期时间
@WebServlet(name = "TestServlet",urlPatterns = "/test") public class TestServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { } protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpSession httpSession = request.getSession(); httpSession.setMaxInactiveInterval(30);//单位秒 } }
web.xml文件中也可以修改session的过期时间(全局的,所有的session的过期时间,若想单独设置还是像上面那样单独设置),单位分钟。
<session-config> <session-timeout>30</session-timeout> </session-config>
利用session完成用户登陆
首先创建代表用户的JavaBean——User.java。
public class User { private String username; private String password; public User() { super(); // TODO Auto-generated constructor stub } public User(String username, String password) { super(); this.username = username; this.password = password; } public String getUsername() { return username; } public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public String getPassword() { return password; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } }
然后创建网站首页——index.jsp。
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Insert title here</title> </head> <body> 欢迎您:${user.username } <a href="/day07/login.html">登录</a> <a href="/day07/LogoutServlet">退出登录</a> <br/><br/><br/> <a href="/day07/SessionDemo1">购买</a><br/> <a href="/day07/SessionDemo2">结账</a> </body> </html>
接着创建登录页面——login.html。
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Insert title here</title> </head> <body> <form action="/day07/LoginServlet" method="post"> 用户名:<input type="text" name="username"><br/> 密码:<input type="password" name="password"><br/> <input type="submit" value="登录"> </form> </body> </html>
再创建处理用户登录的Servlet——LoginServlet。
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { response.setContentType("text/html;charset=UTF-8"); PrintWriter out = response.getWriter(); String username = request.getParameter("username"); String password = request.getParameter("password"); List<User> list = DB.getAll(); for(User user : list) { // 用户登录成功 if(user.getUsername().equals(username) && user.getPassword().equals(password)) { request.getSession().setAttribute("user", user); // 登录成功,向session中存入一个登录标记 response.sendRedirect("/day07/index.jsp"); return; } } out.print("用户名或密码不正确!!!"); } protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(request, response); } } class DB { public static List<User> list = new ArrayList<User>(); static { list.add(new User("aaa", "123")); list.add(new User("bbb", "123")); list.add(new User("ccc", "123")); } public static List<User> getAll() { return list; } }
最后创建用户注销的Servlet——LogoutServlet。
// 完成用户注销 public class LogoutServlet extends HttpServlet { protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { HttpSession session = request.getSession(false); if(session == null) { response.sendRedirect("/day07/index.jsp"); return; } session.removeAttribute("user"); // 移除登录标记 response.sendRedirect("/day07/index.jsp"); } protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { doGet(request, response); } }
使用Session实现验证码
Session的典型案例:一次性验证码
生成验证码图像的工具类GenerateCode.java 代码
package util; import java.awt.*; import java.awt.image.BufferedImage; import java.util.Random; /** * Created by ttc on 2018/3/15. */ public class GenerateCode { //设置验证图片的宽度, 高度, 验证码的个数 private int width = 152; private int height = 40; //验证码字体的高度 private int fontHeight = 38; //验证码中的单个字符基线. 即:验证码中的单个字符位于验证码图形左上角的 (codeX, codeY) 位置处 private int codeX = 25;//width / (codeCount + 2); private int codeY = 36; public BufferedImage Generate(String code) { //定义一个类型为 BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_BGR 类型的图像缓存 BufferedImage buffImg = null; buffImg = new BufferedImage(width, height, BufferedImage.TYPE_3BYTE_BGR); //在 buffImg 中创建一个 Graphics2D 图像 Graphics2D graphics = null; graphics = buffImg.createGraphics(); //设置一个颜色, 使 Graphics2D 对象的后续图形使用这个颜色 graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE); //填充一个指定的矩形: x - 要填充矩形的 x 坐标; y - 要填充矩形的 y 坐标; width - 要填充矩形的宽度; height - 要填充矩形的高度 graphics.fillRect(0, 0, width, height); //创建一个 Font 对象: name - 字体名称; style - Font 的样式常量; size - Font 的点大小 Font font = null; font = new Font("", Font.BOLD, fontHeight); //使 Graphics2D 对象的后续图形使用此字体 graphics.setFont(font); graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK); //绘制指定矩形的边框, 绘制出的矩形将比构件宽一个也高一个像素 graphics.drawRect(0, 0, width - 1, height - 1); //随机产生 15 条干扰线, 使图像中的认证码不易被其它程序探测到 Random random = null; random = new Random(); graphics.setColor(Color.GREEN); for(int i = 0; i < 30; i++){ int x = random.nextInt(width); int y = random.nextInt(height); int x1 = random.nextInt(20); int y1 = random.nextInt(20); graphics.drawLine(x, y, x + x1, y + y1); } graphics.setColor(Color.BLACK); for(int i = 0; i < code.length(); i++){ //用随机产生的颜色将验证码绘制到图像中 // graphics.setColor(Color.BLUE); graphics.drawString(String.valueOf(code.charAt(i)), (i + 1)* codeX, codeY); } return buffImg; } }
ValidateColorServlet
@WebServlet("/validateColorServlet") public class ValidateColorServlet extends HttpServlet { private int codeCount = 4; //验证码由哪些字符组成 char [] codeSequence = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz23456789".toCharArray(); public void service(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { //创建 randomCode 对象, 用于保存随机产生的验证码, 以便用户登录后进行验证 StringBuffer randomCode = new StringBuffer(); Random random = new Random(); for(int i = 0; i < codeCount; i++){ //得到随机产生的验证码数字 String strRand = null; strRand = String.valueOf(codeSequence[random.nextInt(36)]); randomCode.append(strRand); } GenerateCode generateCode = new GenerateCode(); BufferedImage buffImg =generateCode.Generate(randomCode.toString()); request.getSession().setAttribute("CHECK_CODE", randomCode.toString()); //禁止图像缓存 response.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache"); response.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache"); response.setDateHeader("Expires", 0); //将图像输出到输出流中 ServletOutputStream sos = null; sos = response.getOutputStream(); ImageIO.write(buffImg, "jpeg", sos); sos.close(); } }
check.jsp
<%@ page language="java" contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <html> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <title>Insert title here</title> </head> <body> <form action="checkCodeServlet" method="post"> username:<input type="text" name="username"> checkCode:<input type="text" name="check"> <img src="${pageContext.request.contextPath }/validateColorServlet"> <input type="submit" value="Submit"> </form> </body> </html>
CheckCodeServlet
package com.neusoft.javaweb.checkcode; import java.io.IOException; import java.io.PrintWriter; import javax.servlet.ServletException; import javax.servlet.annotation.WebServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest; import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse; /** * Servlet implementation class CheckCodeServlet */ @WebServlet("/checkCodeServlet") public class CheckCodeServlet extends HttpServlet { private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L; protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws ServletException, IOException { String strCheckCode = request.getParameter("check"); String checkCode = (String)request.getSession().getAttribute("CHECK_CODE"); if(strCheckCode.equalsIgnoreCase(checkCode)) { response.sendRedirect("hello.jsp"); }else { response.setContentType("text/html"); response.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8"); PrintWriter pr = response.getWriter(); pr.println("验证码错误"); } } }