一.KNN算法介绍
邻近算法,或者说K最邻近(KNN,K-NearestNeighbor)分类算法是数据挖掘分类技术中最简单的方法之一。所谓K最近邻,就是K个最近的邻居的意思,说的是每个样本都可以用它最接近的K个邻近值来代表。近邻算法就是将数据集合中每一个记录进行分类的方法 。
k近邻法是一种基本的分类和回归方法,是监督学习方法里的一种常用方法。k近邻算法假设给定一个训练数据集,其中的实例类别已定。分类时,对新的实例,根据其k个最近邻的训练实例类别,通过多数表决等方式进行预测。
二.KNN算法核心思想
KNN算法的核心思想是,如果一个样本在特征空间中的K个最相邻的样本中的大多数属于某一个类别,则该样本也属于这个类别,并具有这个类别上样本的特性。该方法在确定分类决策上只依据最邻近的一个或者几个样本的类别来决定待分样本所属的类别。KNN方法在类别决策时,只与极少量的相邻样本有关。由于KNN方法主要靠周围有限的邻近的样本,而不是靠判别类域的方法来确定所属类别的,因此对于类域的交叉或重叠较多的待分样本集来说,KNN方法较其他方法更为适合。
三.KNN算法三要素
k近邻法三要素:距离度量、k值的选择和分类决策规则。常用的距离度量是欧氏距离及更一般的pL距离。k值小时,k近邻模型更复杂,容易发生过拟合;k值大时,k近邻模型更简单,又容易欠拟合。因此k值得选择会对分类结果产生重大影响。k值的选择反映了对近似误差与估计误差之间的权衡,通常由交叉验证选择最优的k。
四.KNN算法优缺点
优点
1.简单,易于理解,易于实现,无需估计参数,无需训练;
2. 适合对稀有事件进行分类;
3.特别适合于多分类问题(multi-modal,对象具有多个类别标签), kNN比SVM的表现要好。
缺点
1.该算法在分类时有个主要的不足是,当样本不平衡时,如一个类的样本容量很大,而其他类样本容量很小时,有可能导致当输入一个新样本时,该样本的K个邻居中大容量类的样本占多数 。
2.该方法的另一个不足之处是计算量较大,因为对每一个待分类的文本都要计算它到全体已知样本的距离,才能求得它的K个最近邻点 。
五.源码简单实现
1.导包
import numpy as np from math import sqrt from collections import Counter from metrics import accuracy_score
2.初始化kNN分类器
class KNNClassifier: def __init__(self, k): """初始化kNN分类器""" assert k >= 1, "k must be valid" self.k = k self._X_train = None self._y_train = None
3.训练数据集
def fit(self, X_train, y_train): """根据训练数据集X_train和y_train训练kNN分类器""" assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \ "the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train" assert self.k <= X_train.shape[0], \ "the size of X_train must be at least k." self._X_train = X_train self._y_train = y_train return self
4.多个值的预测
def predict(self, X_predict): """给定待预测数据集X_predict,返回表示X_predict的结果向量""" assert self._X_train is not None and self._y_train is not None, \ "must fit before predict!" assert X_predict.shape[1] == self._X_train.shape[1], \ "the feature number of X_predict must be equal to X_train" y_predict = [self._predict(x) for x in X_predict] return np.array(y_predict)
5.单个值的预测
def _predict(self, x): """给定单个待预测数据x,返回x的预测结果值""" assert x.shape[0] == self._X_train.shape[1], \ "the feature number of x must be equal to X_train" distances = [sqrt(np.sum((x_train - x) ** 2)) for x_train in self._X_train] nearest = np.argsort(distances) topK_y = [self._y_train[i] for i in nearest[:self.k]] votes = Counter(topK_y) return votes.most_common(1)[0][0]
6.模型准确度
def score(self, X_test, y_test): """根据测试数据集 X_test 和 y_test 确定当前模型的准确度""" y_predict = self.predict(X_test) return accuracy_score(y_test, y_predict)
六.全部代码
import numpy as np from math import sqrt from collections import Counter from metrics import accuracy_score class KNNClassifier: def __init__(self, k): """初始化kNN分类器""" assert k >= 1, "k must be valid" self.k = k self._X_train = None self._y_train = None def fit(self, X_train, y_train): """根据训练数据集X_train和y_train训练kNN分类器""" assert X_train.shape[0] == y_train.shape[0], \ "the size of X_train must be equal to the size of y_train" assert self.k <= X_train.shape[0], \ "the size of X_train must be at least k." self._X_train = X_train self._y_train = y_train return self def predict(self, X_predict): """给定待预测数据集X_predict,返回表示X_predict的结果向量""" assert self._X_train is not None and self._y_train is not None, \ "must fit before predict!" assert X_predict.shape[1] == self._X_train.shape[1], \ "the feature number of X_predict must be equal to X_train" y_predict = [self._predict(x) for x in X_predict] return np.array(y_predict) def _predict(self, x): """给定单个待预测数据x,返回x的预测结果值""" assert x.shape[0] == self._X_train.shape[1], \ "the feature number of x must be equal to X_train" distances = [sqrt(np.sum((x_train - x) ** 2)) for x_train in self._X_train] nearest = np.argsort(distances) topK_y = [self._y_train[i] for i in nearest[:self.k]] votes = Counter(topK_y) return votes.most_common(1)[0][0] def score(self, X_test, y_test): """根据测试数据集 X_test 和 y_test 确定当前模型的准确度""" y_predict = self.predict(X_test) return accuracy_score(y_test, y_predict) def __repr__(self): return "KNN(k=%d)" % self.k