【Spring专题】「实战系列」Spring Security原理以及实战认证分析开发指南 -阿里云开发者社区

前提介绍

本篇文章给大家带来的内容是关于Spring Security原理的介绍，对实际业务开发会有一定的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。所谓知彼知己方能百战百胜，用Spring Security来满足我们的需求最好了解其原理，这样才能随意拓展，本篇文章主要记录 Spring Security 的基本运行流程。

过滤器的原理机制

Spring Security基本都是通过过滤器来完成配置的身份认证、权限认证以及登出。

Spring Security在Servlet的过滤链（filter chain）中注册了一个过滤器 FilterChainProxy，它会把请求代理到Spring Security自己维护的多个过滤链，每个过滤链会匹配一些URL，如果匹配则执行对应的过滤器，过滤链是有顺序的，一个请求只会执行第一条匹配的过滤链。

Spring Security 的配置本质上就是新增、删除、修改过滤器。

默认情况下系统帮我们注入的这15个过滤器，分别对应配置不同的需求。

认证控制过滤器UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter

接下来我们重点是分析下 UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter 这个过滤器，他是用来使用用户名和密码登录认证的过滤器，但是很多情况下我们的登录不止是简单的用户名和密码，又可能是用到第三方授权登录，这个时候我们就需要使用自定义过滤器，当然这里不做详细说明，只是说下自定义过滤器怎么注入。

@Override
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
    http.addFilterAfter(...);
    ...
 }
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身份认证流程

在开始身份认证流程之前我们需要了解下几个基本概念：

SecurityContextHolder

SecurityContextHolder存储SecurityContext对象。SecurityContextHolder是一个存储代理，有三种存储模式分别是：

MODE_THREADLOCAL：SecurityContext 存储在线程中。
MODE_INHERITABLETHREADLOCAL：SecurityContext 存储在线程中，但子线程可以获取到父线程中的 SecurityContext。
MODE_GLOBAL：SecurityContext 在所有线程中都相同。

SecurityContextHolder默认使用MODE_THREADLOCAL模式，SecurityContext 存储在当前线程中。

调用SecurityContextHolder时不需要显示的参数传递，在当前线程中可以直接获取到SecurityContextHolder对象。

SecurityContext context = SecurityContextHolder.getContext();
Authentication authentication = context.getAuthentication();
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Authentication

Authentication即验证，表明当前用户是谁。什么是验证，比如，一组用户名和密码就是验证，当然错误的用户名和密码也是验证，只不过 Spring Security会校验失败。

Authentication接口

public interface Authentication extends Principal, Serializable {
       Collection getAuthorities();
       Object getCredentials();
       Object getDetails();
       Object getPrincipal();
       boolean isAuthenticated();
       void setAuthenticated(boolean isAuthenticated);
}
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getAuthorities()：获取用户权限，一般情况下获取到的是用户的角色信息。
getCredentials()：获取证明用户认证的信息，通常情况下获取到的是密码等信息，不过登录成功就会被移除。
getDetails()：获取用户的额外信息，比如 IP 地址、经纬度等
getPrincipal()：获取用户身份信息，在未认证的情况下获取到的是用户名，在已认证的情况下获取到的是 UserDetails (暂时理解为，当前应用用户对象的扩展)
isAuthenticated()：获取当前 Authentication 是否已认证
setAuthenticated：设置当前 Authentication 是否已认证

AuthenticationManager ProviderManager AuthenticationProvider

其实这三者很好区分：

AuthenticationManager：主要就是为了完成身份认证流程。
ProviderManager：AuthenticationManager 接口的具体实现类

ProviderManager 里面有个记录AuthenticationProvider对象的集合属性 providers

AuthenticationProvider接口类里有两个方法

public interface AuthenticationProvider {
    //实现具体的身份认证逻辑，认证失败抛出对应的异常
    Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication)
            throws AuthenticationException;
    //该认证类是否支持该 Authentication 的认证
    boolean supports(Class authentication);
}
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接下来就是遍历 ProviderManager 里面的 providers 集合，找到和合适的 AuthenticationProvider 完成身份认证。

UserDetailsService UserDetails

在 UserDetailsService 接口中只有一个简单的方法

public interface UserDetailsService {
    //根据用户名查到对应的 UserDetails 对象
    UserDetails loadUserByUsername(String username) throws UsernameNotFoundException;
}
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执行认证流程

慢慢分析在运行到 UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter过滤器的时候。

首先是进入其父类AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter的doFilter()方法中

public void doFilter(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res, FilterChain chain)throws IOException, ServletException {
    ...
    //首先配对是不是配置的身份认证的URI,是则执行下面的认证,不是则跳过
    if (!requiresAuthentication(request, response)) {
        chain.doFilter(request, response);
        return;
    }
    ...
    Authentication authResult;
    try {
        //关键方法, 实现认证逻辑并返回 Authentication, 由其子类 UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter 实现
        authResult = attemptAuthentication(request, response);
        if (authResult == null) {
            // return immediately as subclass has indicated that it hasn't completed
            // authentication
            return;
        }
        sessionStrategy.onAuthentication(authResult, request, response);
    }
    catch (InternalAuthenticationServiceException failed) {
        //认证失败调用
        unsuccessfulAuthentication(request, response, failed);
        return;
   }catch (AuthenticationException failed) {
        //认证失败调用
        unsuccessfulAuthentication(request, response, failed);
        return;
    }
    // Authentication success
    if (continueChainBeforeSuccessfulAuthentication) {
        chain.doFilter(request, response);
    }
    //认证成功调
    successfulAuthentication(request, response, chain, authResult);
}
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认证失败处理逻辑

protected void unsuccessfulAuthentication(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response, AuthenticationException failed)throws IOException, ServletException {
    SecurityContextHolder.clearContext();
    ...
    rememberMeServices.loginFail(request, response);
    //该 handler 处理失败界面跳转和响应逻辑
    failureHandler.onAuthenticationFailure(request, response, failed);
}
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默认配置的失败处理 handler是 SimpleUrlAuthenticationFailureHandler，可自定义。

public class SimpleUrlAuthenticationFailureHandler implements
        AuthenticationFailureHandler {
    ...
    public void onAuthenticationFailure(HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response, AuthenticationException exception)throws IOException, ServletException {
        //没有配置失败跳转的URL则直接响应错误
        if (defaultFailureUrl == null) {
            logger.debug("No failure URL set, sending 401 Unauthorized error");
            response.sendError(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.value(),
                HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED.getReasonPhrase());
        }else {
            //否则
            //缓存异常
            saveException(request, exception);
            //根据配置的异常页面是重定向还是转发进行不同方式跳转
            if (forwardToDestination) {
                logger.debug("Forwarding to " + defaultFailureUrl);
                request.getRequestDispatcher(defaultFailureUrl)
                        .forward(request, response);
            }else {
                logger.debug("Redirecting to " + defaultFailureUrl);
                redirectStrategy.sendRedirect(request, response, defaultFailureUrl);
            }
        }
    }
    //缓存异常,转发则保存在request里面,重定向则保存在session里面
    protected final void saveException(HttpServletRequest request,
            AuthenticationException exception) {
        if (forwardToDestination) {        
      request.setAttribute(WebAttributes.AUTHENTICATION_EXCEPTION, exception);
        }else {
            HttpSession session = request.getSession(false);
            if (session != null || allowSessionCreation) {    
         request.getSession().setAttribute(WebAttributes.AUTHENTICATION_EXCEPTION,exception);
            }
        }
    }
}
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这里做下小拓展：用系统的错误处理handler，指定认证失败跳转的URL，在MVC里面对应的URL方法里面可以通过key从request或session里面拿到错误信息，反馈给前端。

认证成功处理逻辑

protected void successfulAuthentication(HttpServletRequest request,
                                        HttpServletResponse response, FilterChain chain, Authentication authResult)
        throws IOException, ServletException {
    ...
    //这里要注意很重要，将认证完成返回的Authentication保存到线程对应的 `SecurityContext` 中
    SecurityContextHolder.getContext().setAuthentication(authResult);
    rememberMeServices.loginSuccess(request, response, authResult);
    // Fire event
    if (this.eventPublisher != null) {
        eventPublisher.publishEvent(new InteractiveAuthenticationSuccessEvent(authResult, this.getClass()));
    }
    //该 handler 就是为了完成页面跳转
    successHandler.onAuthenticationSuccess(request, response, authResult);
}
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这里默认配置的成功处理 handler 是 SavedRequestAwareAuthenticationSuccessHandler，里面的代码就不做具体展开了，反正是跳转到指定的认证成功之后的界面，可自定义。

身份认证详情

public class UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter extends
        AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter {
    ...
    public static final String SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_USERNAME_KEY = "username";
    public static final String SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_PASSWORD_KEY = "password";
    private String usernameParameter = SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_USERNAME_KEY;
    private String passwordParameter = SPRING_SECURITY_FORM_PASSWORD_KEY;
    private boolean postOnly = true;
    ...
    //开始身份认证逻辑
    public Authentication attemptAuthentication(HttpServletRequest request,
            HttpServletResponse response) throws AuthenticationException {
        if (postOnly && !request.getMethod().equals("POST")) {
            throw new AuthenticationServiceException(
                    "Authentication method not supported: " + request.getMethod());
        }
        String username = obtainUsername(request);
        String password = obtainPassword(request);
        if (username == null) {
            username = "";
        }
        if (password == null) {
            password = "";
        }
        username = username.trim();
        //先用前端提交过来的 username 和 password 封装一个简易的 AuthenticationToken
        UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authRequest = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(
                username, password);
        // Allow subclasses to set the "details" property
        setDetails(request, authRequest);
        //具体的认证逻辑还是交给 AuthenticationManager 对象的 authenticate(..) 方法完成,接着往下看
        return this.getAuthenticationManager().authenticate(authRequest);
    }
}
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由源码断点跟踪得知，最终解析是由 AuthenticationManager 接口实现类 ProviderManager 来完成

public class ProviderManager implements AuthenticationManager, MessageSourceAware,InitializingBean {
    ...
    private List providers = Collections.emptyList();
    ...
    public Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication)
            throws AuthenticationException {
        ....
        //遍历所有的 AuthenticationProvider, 找到合适的完成身份验证
        for (AuthenticationProvider provider : getProviders()) {
            if (!provider.supports(toTest)) {
                continue;
            }
            ...
            try {
                //进行具体的身份验证逻辑, 这里使用到的是 DaoAuthenticationProvider, 具体逻辑记着往下看
                result = provider.authenticate(authentication);
                if (result != null) {
                    copyDetails(authentication, result);
                    break;
                }
            }catch
            ...
        }
        ...
        throw lastException;
    }
}
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DaoAuthenticationProvider

DaoAuthenticationProvider继承自 AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider实现AuthenticationProvider接口

public abstract class AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider implements
        AuthenticationProvider, InitializingBean, MessageSourceAware {
    ...
    private UserDetailsChecker preAuthenticationChecks = new DefaultPreAuthenticationChecks();
    private UserDetailsChecker postAuthenticationChecks = new DefaultPostAuthenticationChecks();
    ...
    public Authentication authenticate(Authentication authentication)
            throws AuthenticationException {
        ...
        // 获得提交过来的用户名
        String username = (authentication.getPrincipal() == null) ? "NONE_PROVIDED" : authentication.getName();
        //根据用户名从缓存中查找 UserDetails
        boolean cacheWasUsed = true;
        UserDetails user = this.userCache.getUserFromCache(username);
        if (user == null) {
            cacheWasUsed = false;
            try {
                //缓存中没有则通过 retrieveUser(..) 方法查找 (看下面 DaoAuthenticationProvider 的实现)
                user = retrieveUser(username,
                        (UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken) authentication);
            }catch
            ...
        }
        try {
            //比对前的检查,例如账户以一些状态信息(是否锁定, 过期...)
            preAuthenticationChecks.check(user);
            //子类实现比对规则 (看下面 DaoAuthenticationProvider 的实现)
            additionalAuthenticationChecks(user,
                    (UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken) authentication);
        }catch (AuthenticationException exception) {
            if (cacheWasUsed) {
                // There was a problem, so try again after checking
                // we're using latest data (i.e. not from the cache)
                cacheWasUsed = false;
                user = retrieveUser(username,
                        (UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken) authentication);
                preAuthenticationChecks.check(user);
                additionalAuthenticationChecks(user,
                        (UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken) authentication);
            }else {
                throw exception;
            }
        }
        postAuthenticationChecks.check(user);
        if (!cacheWasUsed) {
            this.userCache.putUserInCache(user);
        }
        Object principalToReturn = user;
        if (forcePrincipalAsString) {
            principalToReturn = user.getUsername();
        }
        //根据最终user的一些信息重新生成具体详细的 Authentication 对象并返回
        return createSuccessAuthentication(principalToReturn, authentication, user);
    }
    //具体生成还是看子类实现
    protected Authentication createSuccessAuthentication(Object principal,Authentication authentication, UserDetails user) {
        // Ensure we return the original credentials the user supplied,
        // so subsequent attempts are successful even with encoded passwords.
        // Also ensure we return the original getDetails(), so that future
        // authentication events after cache expiry contain the details
        UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken result = new UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken(
                principal, authentication.getCredentials(),
                authoritiesMapper.mapAuthorities(user.getAuthorities()));
        result.setDetails(authentication.getDetails());
        return result;
    }
}
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接下来我们来看下 DaoAuthenticationProvider 里面的三个重要的方法，比对方式、获取需要比对的 UserDetails 对象以及生产最终返回 Authentication 的方法。

public class DaoAuthenticationProvider extends AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider {
    ...
    //密码比对
    @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")
    protected void additionalAuthenticationChecks(UserDetails userDetails,UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authentication)
            throws AuthenticationException {
        if (authentication.getCredentials() == null) {
            logger.debug("Authentication failed: no credentials provided");
            throw new BadCredentialsException(messages.getMessage(
 "AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider.badCredentials",
                    "Bad credentials"));
        }
        String presentedPassword = authentication.getCredentials().toString();
        //通过 PasswordEncoder 进行密码比对, 注: 可自定义
        if (!passwordEncoder.matches(presentedPassword, userDetails.getPassword())) {
            logger.debug("Authentication failed: password does not match stored value");
            throw new BadCredentialsException(messages.getMessage(
"AbstractUserDetailsAuthenticationProvider.badCredentials",
                    "Bad credentials"));
        }
    }
    //通过 UserDetailsService 获取 UserDetails
    protected final UserDetails retrieveUser(String username,
            UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken authentication)
            throws AuthenticationException {
        prepareTimingAttackProtection();
        try {
            //通过 UserDetailsService 获取 UserDetails
            UserDetails loadedUser = this.getUserDetailsService().loadUserByUsername(username);
            if (loadedUser == null) {
                throw new InternalAuthenticationServiceException(
                        "UserDetailsService returned null, which is an interface contract violation");
            }
            return loadedUser;
        }
        catch (UsernameNotFoundException ex) {
            mitigateAgainstTimingAttack(authentication);
            throw ex;
        }
        catch (InternalAuthenticationServiceException ex) {
            throw ex;
        }
        catch (Exception ex) {
            throw new InternalAuthenticationServiceException(ex.getMessage(), ex);
        }
    }
    //生成身份认证通过后最终返回的 Authentication, 记录认证的身份信息
    @Override
    protected Authentication createSuccessAuthentication(Object principal,Authentication authentication, UserDetails user) {
        boolean upgradeEncoding = this.userDetailsPasswordService != null && this.passwordEncoder.upgradeEncoding(user.getPassword());
        if (upgradeEncoding) {
            String presentedPassword = authentication.getCredentials().toString();
            String newPassword = this.passwordEncoder.encode(presentedPassword);
            user = this.userDetailsPasswordService.updatePassword(user, newPassword);
        }
        return super.createSuccessAuthentication(principal, authentication, user);
    }
}

【Spring专题】「实战系列」Spring Security原理以及实战认证分析开发指南