CAS

Compare And Swap (Compare And Exchange) / 自旋 / 自旋锁 / 无锁

因为经常配合循环操作，直到完成为止，所以泛指一类操作

cas(v, a, b) ，变量v，期待值a, 修改值b

ABA问题，你的女朋友在离开你的这段儿时间经历了别的人，自旋就是你空转等待，一直等到她接纳你为止

解决办法（版本号 AtomicStampedReference），基础类型简单值不需要版本号

Unsafe

AtomicInteger:

public final int incrementAndGet() {
        for (;;) {
            int current = get();
            int next = current + 1;
            if (compareAndSet(current, next))
                return next;
        }
    }

public final boolean compareAndSet(int expect, int update) {
        return unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(this, valueOffset, expect, update);
    }

Unsafe:

public final native boolean compareAndSwapInt(Object var1, long var2, int var4, int var5);

运用：

package com.mashibing.jol;

import sun.misc.Unsafe;

import java.lang.reflect.Field;

public class T02_TestUnsafe {

    int i = 0;
    private static T02_TestUnsafe t = new T02_TestUnsafe();

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        //Unsafe unsafe = Unsafe.getUnsafe();

        Field unsafeField = Unsafe.class.getDeclaredFields()[0];
        unsafeField.setAccessible(true);
        Unsafe unsafe = (Unsafe) unsafeField.get(null);

        Field f = T02_TestUnsafe.class.getDeclaredField("i");
        long offset = unsafe.objectFieldOffset(f);
        System.out.println(offset);

        boolean success = unsafe.compareAndSwapInt(t, offset, 0, 1);
        System.out.println(success);
        System.out.println(t.i);
        //unsafe.compareAndSwapInt()
    }
}

jdk8u: unsafe.cpp:

cmpxchg = compare and exchange

UNSAFE_ENTRY(jboolean, Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt(JNIEnv *env, jobject unsafe, jobject obj, jlong offset, jint e, jint x))
  UnsafeWrapper("Unsafe_CompareAndSwapInt");
  oop p = JNIHandles::resolve(obj);
  jint* addr = (jint *) index_oop_from_field_offset_long(p, offset);
  return (jint)(Atomic::cmpxchg(x, addr, e)) == e;
UNSAFE_END

jdk8u: atomic_linux_x86.inline.hpp

is_MP = Multi Processor

inline jint     Atomic::cmpxchg    (jint     exchange_value, volatile jint*     dest, jint     compare_value) {
  int mp = os::is_MP();
  __asm__ volatile (LOCK_IF_MP(%4) "cmpxchgl %1,(%3)"
                    : "=a" (exchange_value)
                    : "r" (exchange_value), "a" (compare_value), "r" (dest), "r" (mp)
                    : "cc", "memory");
  return exchange_value;
}

jdk8u: os.hpp is_MP()

  static inline bool is_MP() {
    // During bootstrap if _processor_count is not yet initialized
    // we claim to be MP as that is safest. If any platform has a
    // stub generator that might be triggered in this phase and for
    // which being declared MP when in fact not, is a problem - then
    // the bootstrap routine for the stub generator needs to check
    // the processor count directly and leave the bootstrap routine
    // in place until called after initialization has ocurred.
    return (_processor_count != 1) || AssumeMP;
  }

jdk8u: atomic_linux_x86.inline.hpp

#define LOCK_IF_MP(mp) "cmp $0, " #mp "; je 1f; lock; 1: "

最终实现：

cmpxchg = cas修改变量值

lock cmpxchg 指令

硬件：

lock指令在执行后面指令的时候锁定一个北桥信号

（不采用锁总线的方式）

markword

工具：JOL = Java Object Layout

<dependencies>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.openjdk.jol/jol-core -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.openjdk.jol</groupId>
            <artifactId>jol-core</artifactId>
            <version>0.9</version>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

jdk8u: markOop.hpp

// Bit-format of an object header (most significant first, big endian layout below):
//
//  32 bits:
//  --------
//             hash:25 ------------>| age:4    biased_lock:1 lock:2 (normal object)
//             JavaThread*:23 epoch:2 age:4    biased_lock:1 lock:2 (biased object)
//             size:32 ------------------------------------------>| (CMS free block)
//             PromotedObject*:29 ---------->| promo_bits:3 ----->| (CMS promoted object)
//
//  64 bits:
//  --------
//  unused:25 hash:31 -->| unused:1   age:4    biased_lock:1 lock:2 (normal object)
//  JavaThread*:54 epoch:2 unused:1   age:4    biased_lock:1 lock:2 (biased object)
//  PromotedObject*:61 --------------------->| promo_bits:3 ----->| (CMS promoted object)
//  size:64 ----------------------------------------------------->| (CMS free block)
//
//  unused:25 hash:31 -->| cms_free:1 age:4    biased_lock:1 lock:2 (COOPs && normal object)
//  JavaThread*:54 epoch:2 cms_free:1 age:4    biased_lock:1 lock:2 (COOPs && biased object)
//  narrowOop:32 unused:24 cms_free:1 unused:4 promo_bits:3 ----->| (COOPs && CMS promoted object)
//  unused:21 size:35 -->| cms_free:1 unused:7 ------------------>| (COOPs && CMS free block)

synchronized的横切面详解

synchronized原理
升级过程
汇编实现
vs reentrantLock的区别

java源码层级

synchronized(o)

字节码层级

monitorenter moniterexit

JVM层级（Hotspot）

package com.mashibing.insidesync;

import org.openjdk.jol.info.ClassLayout;

public class T01_Sync1 {
  

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Object o = new Object();

        System.out.println(ClassLayout.parseInstance(o).toPrintable());
    }
}

com.mashibing.insidesync.T01_Sync1$Lock object internals:
 OFFSET  SIZE   TYPE DESCRIPTION                               VALUE
      0     4   (object header)  05 00 00 00 (00000101 00000000 00000000 00000000) (5)
      4     4   (object header)  00 00 00 00 (00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000) (0)
      8     4   (object header)  49 ce 00 20 (01001001 11001110 00000000 00100000) (536923721)
     12     4        (loss due to the next object alignment)
Instance size: 16 bytes
Space losses: 0 bytes internal + 4 bytes external = 4 bytes total

com.mashibing.insidesync.T02_Sync2$Lock object internals:
 OFFSET  SIZE   TYPE DESCRIPTION                               VALUE
      0     4   (object header)  05 90 2e 1e (00000101 10010000 00101110 00011110) (506368005)
      4     4   (object header)  1b 02 00 00 (00011011 00000010 00000000 00000000) (539)
      8     4   (object header)  49 ce 00 20 (01001001 11001110 00000000 00100000) (536923721)
     12     4        (loss due to the next object alignment)
Instance size: 16 bytes
Space losses: 0 bytes internal + 4 bytes external = 4 bytes tota

InterpreterRuntime:: monitorenter方法

IRT_ENTRY_NO_ASYNC(void, InterpreterRuntime::monitorenter(JavaThread* thread, BasicObjectLock* elem))
#ifdef ASSERT
  thread->last_frame().interpreter_frame_verify_monitor(elem);
#endif
  if (PrintBiasedLockingStatistics) {
    Atomic::inc(BiasedLocking::slow_path_entry_count_addr());
  }
  Handle h_obj(thread, elem->obj());
  assert(Universe::heap()->is_in_reserved_or_null(h_obj()),
         "must be NULL or an object");
  if (UseBiasedLocking) {
    // Retry fast entry if bias is revoked to avoid unnecessary inflation
    ObjectSynchronizer::fast_enter(h_obj, elem->lock(), true, CHECK);
  } else {
    ObjectSynchronizer::slow_enter(h_obj, elem->lock(), CHECK);
  }
  assert(Universe::heap()->is_in_reserved_or_null(elem->obj()),
         "must be NULL or an object");
#ifdef ASSERT
  thread->last_frame().interpreter_frame_verify_monitor(elem);
#endif
IRT_END

synchronizer.cpp

revoke_and_rebias

void ObjectSynchronizer::fast_enter(Handle obj, BasicLock* lock, bool attempt_rebias, TRAPS) {
 if (UseBiasedLocking) {
    if (!SafepointSynchronize::is_at_safepoint()) {
      BiasedLocking::Condition cond = BiasedLocking::revoke_and_rebias(obj, attempt_rebias, THREAD);
      if (cond == BiasedLocking::BIAS_REVOKED_AND_REBIASED) {
        return;
      }
    } else {
      assert(!attempt_rebias, "can not rebias toward VM thread");
      BiasedLocking::revoke_at_safepoint(obj);
    }
    assert(!obj->mark()->has_bias_pattern(), "biases should be revoked by now");
 }

 slow_enter (obj, lock, THREAD) ;
}

void ObjectSynchronizer::slow_enter(Handle obj, BasicLock* lock, TRAPS) {
  markOop mark = obj->mark();
  assert(!mark->has_bias_pattern(), "should not see bias pattern here");

  if (mark->is_neutral()) {
    // Anticipate successful CAS -- the ST of the displaced mark must
    // be visible <= the ST performed by the CAS.
    lock->set_displaced_header(mark);
    if (mark == (markOop) Atomic::cmpxchg_ptr(lock, obj()->mark_addr(), mark)) {
      TEVENT (slow_enter: release stacklock) ;
      return ;
    }
    // Fall through to inflate() ...
  } else
  if (mark->has_locker() && THREAD->is_lock_owned((address)mark->locker())) {
    assert(lock != mark->locker(), "must not re-lock the same lock");
    assert(lock != (BasicLock*)obj->mark(), "don't relock with same BasicLock");
    lock->set_displaced_header(NULL);
    return;
  }

#if 0
  // The following optimization isn't particularly useful.
  if (mark->has_monitor() && mark->monitor()->is_entered(THREAD)) {
    lock->set_displaced_header (NULL) ;
    return ;
  }
#endif

  // The object header will never be displaced to this lock,
  // so it does not matter what the value is, except that it
  // must be non-zero to avoid looking like a re-entrant lock,
  // and must not look locked either.
  lock->set_displaced_header(markOopDesc::unused_mark());
  ObjectSynchronizer::inflate(THREAD, obj())->enter(THREAD);
}

inflate方法：膨胀为重量级锁

锁升级过程

JDK8：

在这里插入图片描述

无锁 - 偏向锁 - 轻量级锁（自旋锁，自适应自旋）- 重量级锁

synchronized优化的过程和markword息息相关

用markword中最低的三位代表锁状态其中1位是偏向锁位两位是普通锁位

Object o = new Object()
锁 = 0 01 无锁态
o.hashCode()
001 + hashcode
```
00000001 10101101 00110100 00110110
01011001 00000000 00000000 00000000
```
little endian big endian
00000000 00000000 00000000 01011001 00110110 00110100 10101101 00000000
默认synchronized(o)
00 -> 轻量级锁
默认情况偏向锁有个时延，默认是4秒
why? 因为JVM虚拟机自己有一些默认启动的线程，里面有好多sync代码，这些sync代码启动时就知道肯定会有竞争，如果使用偏向锁，就会造成偏向锁不断的进行锁撤销和锁升级的操作，效率较低。
```
-XX:BiasedLockingStartupDelay=0
```
如果设定上述参数
new Object () - > 101 偏向锁 ->线程ID为0 -> Anonymous BiasedLock
打开偏向锁，new出来的对象，默认就是一个可偏向匿名对象101
如果有线程上锁
上偏向锁，指的就是，把markword的线程ID改为自己线程ID的过程
偏向锁不可重偏向批量偏向批量撤销
如果有线程竞争
撤销偏向锁，升级轻量级锁
线程在自己的线程栈生成LockRecord ，用CAS操作将markword设置为指向自己这个线程的LR的指针，设置成功者得到锁
如果竞争加剧
竞争加剧：有线程超过10次自旋， -XX:PreBlockSpin，或者自旋线程数超过CPU核数的一半， 1.6之后，加入自适应自旋 Adapative Self Spinning ， JVM自己控制
升级重量级锁：-> 向操作系统申请资源，linux mutex , CPU从3级-0级系统调用，线程挂起，进入等待队列，等待操作系统的调度，然后再映射回用户空间

(以上实验环境是JDK11，打开就是偏向锁，而JDK8默认对象头是无锁)

偏向锁默认是打开的，但是有一个时延，如果要观察到偏向锁，应该设定参数

没错，我就是厕所所长

加锁，指的是锁定对象

锁升级的过程

JDK较早的版本 OS的资源互斥量用户态 -> 内核态的转换重量级效率比较低

现代版本进行了优化

无锁 - 偏向锁 -轻量级锁（自旋锁）-重量级锁

偏向锁 - markword 上记录当前线程指针，下次同一个线程加锁的时候，不需要争用，只需要判断线程指针是否同一个，所以，偏向锁，偏向加锁的第一个线程。hashCode备份在线程栈上线程销毁，锁降级为无锁

有争用 - 锁升级为轻量级锁 - 每个线程有自己的LockRecord在自己的线程栈上，用CAS去争用markword的LR的指针，指针指向哪个线程的LR，哪个线程就拥有锁

自旋超过10次，升级为重量级锁 - 如果太多线程自旋 CPU消耗过大，不如升级为重量级锁，进入等待队列（不消耗CPU）-XX:PreBlockSpin

自旋锁在 JDK1.4.2 中引入，使用 -XX:+UseSpinning 来开启。JDK 6 中变为默认开启，并且引入了自适应的自旋锁（适应性自旋锁）。

自适应自旋锁意味着自旋的时间（次数）不再固定，而是由前一次在同一个锁上的自旋时间及锁的拥有者的状态来决定。如果在同一个锁对象上，自旋等待刚刚成功获得过锁，并且持有锁的线程正在运行中，那么虚拟机就会认为这次自旋也是很有可能再次成功，进而它将允许自旋等待持续相对更长的时间。如果对于某个锁，自旋很少成功获得过，那在以后尝试获取这个锁时将可能省略掉自旋过程，直接阻塞线程，避免浪费处理器资源。

偏向锁由于有锁撤销的过程revoke，会消耗系统资源，所以，在锁争用特别激烈的时候，用偏向锁未必效率高。还不如直接使用轻量级锁。

synchronized最底层实现


public class T {
    static volatile int i = 0;
    
    public static void n() { i++; }
    
    public static synchronized void m() {}
    
    publics static void main(String[] args) {
        for(int j=0; j<1000_000; j++) {
            m();
            n();
        }
    }
}

java -XX:+UnlockDiagonositicVMOptions -XX:+PrintAssembly T

C1 Compile Level 1 (一级优化)

C2 Compile Level 2 (二级优化)

找到m() n()方法的汇编码，会看到 lock comxchg .....指令

synchronized vs Lock (CAS)

 在高争用 高耗时的环境下synchronized效率更高
 在低争用 低耗时的环境下CAS效率更高
 synchronized到重量级之后是等待队列（不消耗CPU）
 CAS（等待期间消耗CPU）
 
 一切以实测为准

锁消除 lock eliminate

public void add(String str1,String str2){
         StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
         sb.append(str1).append(str2);
}

我们都知道 StringBuffer 是线程安全的，因为它的关键方法都是被 synchronized 修饰过的，但我们看上面这段代码，我们会发现，sb 这个引用只会在 add 方法中使用，不可能被其它线程引用（因为是局部变量，栈私有），因此 sb 是不可能共享的资源，JVM 会自动消除 StringBuffer 对象内部的锁。

锁粗化 lock coarsening

public String test(String str){
       
       int i = 0;
       StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer():
       while(i < 100){
           sb.append(str);
           i++;
       }
       return sb.toString():
}

JVM 会检测到这样一连串的操作都对同一个对象加锁（while 循环内 100 次执行 append，没有锁粗化的就要进行 100 次加锁/解锁），此时 JVM 就会将加锁的范围粗化到这一连串的操作的外部（比如 while 虚幻体外），使得这一连串操作只需要加一次锁即可。

锁降级（不重要）

https://www.zhihu.com/question/63859501

其实，只被VMThread访问，降级也就没啥意义了。所以可以简单认为锁降级不存在！

超线程

一个ALU + 两组Registers + PC

参考资料

http://openjdk.java.net/groups/hotspot/docs/HotSpotGlossary.html

volatile的用途

1.线程可见性

package com.mashibing.testvolatile;

public class T01_ThreadVisibility {
    private static volatile boolean flag = true;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        new Thread(()-> {
            while (flag) {
                //do sth
            }
            System.out.println("end");
        }, "server").start();


        Thread.sleep(1000);

        flag = false;
    }
}

2.防止指令重排序

问题：DCL单例需不需要加volatile？

CPU的基础知识

缓存行对齐
缓存行64个字节是CPU同步的基本单位，缓存行隔离会比伪共享效率要高
Disruptor

package com.mashibing.juc.c_028_FalseSharing;

public class T02_CacheLinePadding {
    private static class Padding {
        public volatile long p1, p2, p3, p4, p5, p6, p7; //
    }

    private static class T extends Padding {
        public volatile long x = 0L;
    }

    public static T[] arr = new T[2];

    static {
        arr[0] = new T();
        arr[1] = new T();
    }

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        Thread t1 = new Thread(()->{
            for (long i = 0; i < 1000_0000L; i++) {
                arr[0].x = i;
            }
        });

        Thread t2 = new Thread(()->{
            for (long i = 0; i < 1000_0000L; i++) {
                arr[1].x = i;
            }
        });

        final long start = System.nanoTime();
        t1.start();
        t2.start();
        t1.join();
        t2.join();
        System.out.println((System.nanoTime() - start)/100_0000);
    }
}

MESI

伪共享

合并写
CPU内部的4个字节的Buffer

package com.mashibing.juc.c_029_WriteCombining;

public final class WriteCombining {

    private static final int ITERATIONS = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
    private static final int ITEMS = 1 << 24;
    private static final int MASK = ITEMS - 1;

    private static final byte[] arrayA = new byte[ITEMS];
    private static final byte[] arrayB = new byte[ITEMS];
    private static final byte[] arrayC = new byte[ITEMS];
    private static final byte[] arrayD = new byte[ITEMS];
    private static final byte[] arrayE = new byte[ITEMS];
    private static final byte[] arrayF = new byte[ITEMS];

    public static void main(final String[] args) {

        for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
            System.out.println(i + " SingleLoop duration (ns) = " + runCaseOne());
            System.out.println(i + " SplitLoop  duration (ns) = " + runCaseTwo());
        }
    }

    public static long runCaseOne() {
        long start = System.nanoTime();
        int i = ITERATIONS;

        while (--i != 0) {
            int slot = i & MASK;
            byte b = (byte) i;
            arrayA[slot] = b;
            arrayB[slot] = b;
            arrayC[slot] = b;
            arrayD[slot] = b;
            arrayE[slot] = b;
            arrayF[slot] = b;
        }
        return System.nanoTime() - start;
    }

    public static long runCaseTwo() {
        long start = System.nanoTime();
        int i = ITERATIONS;
        while (--i != 0) {
            int slot = i & MASK;
            byte b = (byte) i;
            arrayA[slot] = b;
            arrayB[slot] = b;
            arrayC[slot] = b;
        }
        i = ITERATIONS;
        while (--i != 0) {
            int slot = i & MASK;
            byte b = (byte) i;
            arrayD[slot] = b;
            arrayE[slot] = b;
            arrayF[slot] = b;
        }
        return System.nanoTime() - start;
    }
}

指令重排序

package com.mashibing.jvm.c3_jmm;

public class T04_Disorder {
    private static int x = 0, y = 0;
    private static int a = 0, b =0;

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        int i = 0;
        for(;;) {
            i++;
            x = 0; y = 0;
            a = 0; b = 0;
            Thread one = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    //由于线程one先启动，下面这句话让它等一等线程two. 读着可根据自己电脑的实际性能适当调整等待时间.
                    //shortWait(100000);
                    a = 1;
                    x = b;
                }
            });

            Thread other = new Thread(new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    b = 1;
                    y = a;
                }
            });
            one.start();other.start();
            one.join();other.join();
            String result = "第" + i + "次 (" + x + "," + y + "）";
            if(x == 0 && y == 0) {
                System.err.println(result);
                break;
            } else {
                //System.out.println(result);
            }
        }
    }


    public static void shortWait(long interval){
        long start = System.nanoTime();
        long end;
        do{
            end = System.nanoTime();
        }while(start + interval >= end);
    }
}

volatile如何解决指令重排序

1: volatile i

2: ACC_VOLATILE

3: JVM的内存屏障

4：hotspot实现

bytecodeinterpreter.cpp

int field_offset = cache->f2_as_index();
          if (cache->is_volatile()) {
            if (support_IRIW_for_not_multiple_copy_atomic_cpu) {
              OrderAccess::fence();
            }

orderaccess_linux_x86.inline.hpp

inline void OrderAccess::fence() {
  if (os::is_MP()) {
    // always use locked addl since mfence is sometimes expensive
#ifdef AMD64
    __asm__ volatile ("lock; addl $0,0(%%rsp)" : : : "cc", "memory");
#else
    __asm__ volatile ("lock; addl $0,0(%%esp)" : : : "cc", "memory");
#endif
  }
}

LOCK 用于在多处理器中执行指令时对共享内存的独占使用。
它的作用是能够将当前处理器对应缓存的内容刷新到内存，并使其他处理器对应的缓存失效。
另外还提供了有序的指令无法越过这个内存屏障的作用。

synchronized和volatile底层原理分析

CAS

Unsafe

markword

工具：JOL = Java Object Layout

synchronized的横切面详解

java源码层级

字节码层级

JVM层级（Hotspot）

锁升级过程

JDK8：

synchronized最底层实现

synchronized vs Lock (CAS)

锁消除 lock eliminate

锁粗化 lock coarsening

锁降级（不重要）

超线程

参考资料

volatile的用途

1.线程可见性

2.防止指令重排序

问题：DCL单例需不需要加volatile？

CPU的基础知识

volatile如何解决指令重排序

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技术资料

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synchronized和volatile底层原理分析

CAS

Unsafe

markword

工具：JOL = Java Object Layout

synchronized的横切面详解

java源码层级

字节码层级

JVM层级（Hotspot）

锁升级过程

JDK8：

synchronized最底层实现

synchronized vs Lock (CAS)

锁消除 lock eliminate

锁粗化 lock coarsening

锁降级（不重要）

超线程

参考资料

volatile的用途

1.线程可见性

2.防止指令重排序

问题：DCL单例需不需要加volatile？

CPU的基础知识

volatile如何解决指令重排序

热门文章

最新文章

相关电子书