三、xadmin后台管理系统的配置
xadmin是一个Django自带后台管理工具的替代品，可以直接使用pip install xadmin命令安装，但是由于通过这种方式安装的官方版本对版本2.1及以后的Django支持不友好，因此可点击https://download.csdn.net/download/CUFEECR/12647622下载修改后的版本，并将其解压放入extra_apps下。
然后在4个apps下分别创建adminx.py，apps/goods/adminx.py如下：
import xadmin from .models import Goods, GoodsCategory, GoodsImage, GoodsCategoryBrand, Banner class GoodsAdmin(object): list_display = ["name", "click_num", "sold_num", "fav_num", "goods_num", "market_price", "shop_price", "goods_brief", "goods_desc", "is_new", "is_hot", "add_time"] search_fields = ['name', ] list_editable = ["is_hot", ] list_filter = ["name", "click_num", "sold_num", "fav_num", "goods_num", "market_price", "shop_price", "is_new", "is_hot", "add_time", "category__name"] style_fields = {"goods_desc": "ueditor"} class GoodsImagesInline(object): model = GoodsImage exclude = ["add_time"] extra = 1 style = 'tab' inlines = [GoodsImagesInline] class GoodsCategoryAdmin(object): list_display = ["name", "category_type", "parent_category", "add_time"] list_filter = ["category_type", "parent_category", "name"] search_fields = ['name', ] class GoodsBrandAdmin(object): list_display = ["category", "image", "name", "desc"] def get_context(self): context = super(GoodsBrandAdmin, self).get_context() if 'form' in context: context['form'].fields['category'].queryset = GoodsCategory.objects.filter(category_type=1) return context class BannerGoodsAdmin(object): list_display = ["goods", "image", "index"] class HotSearchAdmin(object): list_display = ["keywords", "index", "add_time"] class IndexAdAdmin(object): list_display = ["category", "goods"] xadmin.site.register(Goods, GoodsAdmin) xadmin.site.register(GoodsCategory, GoodsCategoryAdmin) xadmin.site.register(Banner, BannerGoodsAdmin) xadmin.site.register(GoodsCategoryBrand, GoodsBrandAdmin)
apps/trade/adminx.py如下：
import xadmin from .models import ShoppingCart, OrderInfo, OrderGoods class ShoppingCartAdmin(object): list_display = ["user", "goods", "nums", ] class OrderInfoAdmin(object): list_display = ["user", "order_sn", "trade_no", "pay_status", "post_script", "order_mount", "order_mount", "pay_time", "add_time"] class OrderGoodsInline(object): model = OrderGoods exclude = ['add_time', ] extra = 1 style = 'tab' inlines = [OrderGoodsInline, ] xadmin.site.register(ShoppingCart, ShoppingCartAdmin) xadmin.site.register(OrderInfo, OrderInfoAdmin)
apps/user_operation/adminx.py如下：
import xadmin from .models import UserFav, UserLeavingMessage, UserAddress class UserFavAdmin(object): list_display = ['user', 'goods', "add_time"] class UserLeavingMessageAdmin(object): list_display = ['user', 'message_type', "message", "add_time"] class UserAddressAdmin(object): list_display = ["signer_name", "signer_mobile", "district", "address"] xadmin.site.register(UserFav, UserFavAdmin) xadmin.site.register(UserAddress, UserAddressAdmin) xadmin.site.register(UserLeavingMessage, UserLeavingMessageAdmin)
apps/users/adminx.py如下：
import xadmin from xadmin import views from .models import VerifyCode class BaseSetting(object): enable_themes = True use_bootswatch = True class GlobalSettings(object): site_title = "生鲜后台" site_footer = "fresh_ec" class VerifyCodeAdmin(object): list_display = ['code', 'mobile', "add_time"] xadmin.site.register(VerifyCode, VerifyCodeAdmin) xadmin.site.register(views.BaseAdminView, BaseSetting) xadmin.site.register(views.CommAdminView, GlobalSettings)
将xadmin配置到settings.py中：
INSTALLED_APPS = [ 'django.contrib.auth', 'django.contrib.contenttypes', 'django.contrib.sessions', 'django.contrib.messages', 'django.contrib.staticfiles', 'apps.users.apps.UsersConfig', 'goods', 'trade', 'user_operation', 'DjangoUeditor', 'xadmin', 'crispy_forms', 'django.contrib.admin' ]
还需要安装xadmin的依赖包，从https://github.com/sshwsfc/xadmin/blob/master/requirements.txt可以看到，包括django、django-crispy-forms、django-import-export、django-reversion、django-formtools、future、httplib2和six，可以直接使用一条命令pip install django django-crispy-forms django-import-export django-reversion django-formtools future httplib2 six安装即可。
此外，还需要安装xlwt和xlsxwriter，这主要用于操作Excel文件、使功能更完善，直接使用命令pip install xlwt xlsxwriter安装即可。
最后还需要对xadmin进行数据映射，即执行makemigrations和migrate即可。
如果遇到ImportError: cannot import name 'six' from 'django.utils'，可按照下面方法解决：
如果遇到以下报错：
forms.Field.__init__(self, required, widget, label, initial, help_text, TypeError: __init__() takes 1 positional argument but 6 were given
可直接在xadmin\views\dashboard.py中将forms.Field.__init__(self, required, widget, label, initial, help_text, *args, **kwargs)改为forms.Field.__init__(self)即可。
如果遇到其他问题，可参考https://blog.csdn.net/CUFEECR/article/details/104031620进行解决。
进行映射后，再查询数据库：
+------------------------------------+ | Tables_in_fresh_ec | +------------------------------------+ | auth_group | | auth_group_permissions | | auth_permission | | django_content_type | | django_migrations | | django_session | | goods_banner | | goods_goods | | goods_goodscategory | | goods_goodscategorybrand | | goods_goodsimage | | trade_ordergoods | | trade_orderinfo | | trade_shoppingcart | | user_operation_useraddress | | user_operation_userfav | | user_operation_userleavingmessage | | users_userprofile | | users_userprofile_groups | | users_userprofile_user_permissions | | users_verifycode | | xadmin_bookmark | | xadmin_log | | xadmin_usersettings | | xadmin_userwidget | +------------------------------------+ 25 rows in set (0.01 sec)
显然，xadmin的数据表已经映射进数据库。
此时，还需要对xadmin配置访问路径，urls.py如下：
from django.conf.urls import url import xadmin urlpatterns = [ url(r'^xadmin/', xadmin.site.urls), ]
此时还需要创建超级用户，在manage.py@Fresh Ecommerce窗口中执行createsuperuser命令，输入用户名、邮箱和密码后即可创建超级管理员。
然后访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/xadmin/如下：
显然，此时可以（用刚刚创建的用户名和密码）登录后台，但是网页语言还是英文，需要对settings.py进行设置如下：
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans' # 中文支持 TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = False
apps/goods/apps.py如下：
from django.apps import AppConfig class GoodsConfig(AppConfig): name = 'goods' verbose_name = '商品'
apps/trade/apps.py如下：
from django.apps import AppConfig class TradeConfig(AppConfig): name = 'trade' verbose_name = '交易管理'
apps/user_operation/apps.py如下：
from django.apps import AppConfig class UserOperationConfig(AppConfig): name = 'user_operation' verbose_name = '用户操作管理'
apps/user/apps.py如下：
from django.apps import AppConfig class UsersConfig(AppConfig): name = 'apps.users' verbose_name = '用户管理'
此时再查看网页如下：
显然，此时已经变为中文，并且点击每个导航栏都能看到具体内容，并且可以进行导出数据等多种操作。
四、数据迁移和数据导入
1.migration原理和表的生成
在导航栏Tools选择点击Run manage.py Task…，在命令行中输入makemigrations并执行，执行完之后，可以看到每个app下的migrations均生成了0001_initial.py文件。
但是此时数据还并未真正映射到数据库中，还需要执行migrate命令来执行之前生成的Python文件来映射数据库。也可以在migrate后跟一个具体的app名称来对某个app进行数据库映射，如migrate users命令就只会映射users下的数据模型。
执行之后，数据库中已经创建出数据模型所对应的表，可以查询如下：
show tables;
打印：
+------------------------------------+ | Tables_in_fresh_ec | +------------------------------------+ | auth_group | | auth_group_permissions | | auth_permission | | django_content_type | | django_migrations | | django_session | | goods_banner | | goods_goods | | goods_goodscategory | | goods_goodscategorybrand | | goods_goodsimage | | trade_ordergoods | | trade_orderinfo | | trade_shoppingcart | | user_operation_useraddress | | user_operation_userfav | | user_operation_userleavingmessage | | users_userprofile | | users_userprofile_groups | | users_userprofile_user_permissions | | users_verifycode | +------------------------------------+ 22 rows in set (0.00 sec)
可以看到，所有的表名称都是由两部分组成，前面是所在的app的名称，剩下的是模型名称的小写形式。
注意：
（1）映射完之后，再修改模型，还需要再次执行makemigrations和migrate命令再次同步表到数据库；
django_migrations表保存了每次映射所执行的Python文件，因此不能随意删改这个表中的数据和映射产生的Python文件，否则会对数据映射产生影响。
（2）一旦使用Django模型设计和修改数据模型，就不要再轻易使用MySQL管理工具如Navicat等来手动修改表结构，这样两边不一致会很容易出错。
