Java 核心技术之序列化 Serializable-阿里云开发者社区

一、序列化概念

将对象在内存中的状态保存下来，在需要的时候获取。

序列化：将对象转换为字节序列，以便在网络传输或存储。

反序列化：将字节序列转换为对象。

二、序列化特点

类必须实现Serializable接口，父类未实现Serializable接口则父类不参与序列化，父类实现Serializable接口后子类不需要显式实现Serializable接口；

类的静态变量不参与序列化；

transient关键字修饰的变量不参与序列化；

序列化对象的成员变量serialVersionUID和反序列化的对象的成员变量serialVersionUID值必须一致；

对象的实例变量引用其他对象，引用的对象也将参与序列化

三、序列化步骤

创建OutputStream；

OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream("object.txt");

创建ObjectOutputStream；

ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream);

调用ObjectOutputStream的writeObject方法进行序列化；

objectOutputStream.writeObject(obj);

关闭输出流；

objectOutputStream.close();

四、反序列化步骤

创建InputStream；

InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("object.txt");

创建ObjectInputStream；

ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);

调用ObjectInputStream的readObject方法进行反序列化；

Object obj = objectInputStream.readObject();

关闭输出流；

objectInputStream.close();

五、序列化实例

5.1 实例一:类必须实现Serializable接口

Serializable接口是一个标记接口，本身并没有定义方法，但是类必须实现Serializable接口才能进行序列化，否则进行序列化时将抛出NotSerializableException异常。

public interface Serializable {
}

类User包含username和password两个成员变量，并未实现Serializable接口

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
public class User{
    private String username;
    private String password;
    public User() {
        System.out.println("User no arg constructor");
    }
    public User(String username, String password) {
        System.out.println("User with arg constructor");
        this.username = username;
        this.password = password;
    }
    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }
    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }
    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }
    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

测试类Main对User类中的成员变量赋值，进行序列化后然后反序列化打印User信息；

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        writeObj(user);
        System.out.println(readObj());
    }
    public static void writeObj(Object obj) throws IOException {
        OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream("object.txt");
        ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream);
        objectOutputStream.writeObject(obj);
        objectOutputStream.close();
    }
    public static Object readObj() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("object.txt");
        ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);
        Object obj = objectInputStream.readObject();
        objectInputStream.close();
        return obj;
    }
}

程序运行后抛出java.io.NotSerializableException异常，如下所示；

User with arg constructor
Exception in thread "main" java.io.NotSerializableException: com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable.User
  at java.io.ObjectOutputStream.writeObject0(ObjectOutputStream.java:1184)
  at java.io.ObjectOutputStream.writeObject(ObjectOutputStream.java:348)
  at com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable.Main.writeObj(Main.java:16)
  at com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable.Main.main(Main.java:9)

5.2 实例二未实现Serializable的父类不参与序列化

创建类CommonVO,其只有一个成员变量id，该类未实现Serializable接口；

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
public class CommonVO {
    private String id;
    public CommonVO(){
        System.out.println("CommonVO no arg constructor");
    }
    public CommonVO(String id) {
        System.out.println("CommonVO with arg constructor");
        this.id = id;
    }
    public String getId() {
        return id;
    }
    public void setId(String id) {
        this.id = id;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "CommonVO{" +
                "id='" + id + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

使User类继承CommonVO类；

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
public class User extends CommonVO implements Serializable {
    //省略代码和实例一相同，未做改变
}

修改测试类如下所示：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        user.setId("123");
        writeObj(user);
        User user1= (User) readObj();
        System.out.println(user1.toString());
        System.out.println("id:"+user1.getId());
    }
    //省略代码和实例一相同，未做改变
}

程序运行结果如下所示，可以看到反序列化并没有把前面设置的父类成员变量id的值打印出来，并且可以看到反序列化时程序调用了User的无参构造方法创建了User的实例；

CommonVO no arg constructor
User with arg constructor
CommonVO no arg constructor
User{username='zzuhkp', password='123456'}
id:null

5.3 实例三类的静态变量和transient修饰的变量不参与序列化；

修改实例一中的User如下所示；

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.Serializable;
public class User  implements Serializable {
    public static String USER_TYPE="1";
    private transient String password;
    //省略代码和实例一中的User一致
}

修改测试类如下所示；

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        writeObj(user);
        User.USER_TYPE="2";
        User user1= (User) readObj();
        System.out.println(user1.toString());
        System.out.println(User.USER_TYPE);
    }
    //省略代码和实例一中的Main类保持一致
}

序列化后修改User类的静态变量USER_TYPE，程序运行，打印结果如下。反序列化后获取的静态变量的值和序列化之前并不保持一致，说明类的静态变量不参数序列化；transient修饰的password变量在反序列化后并未打印出序列化之前设置的值，说明transient修饰的成员变量也不参与序列化。

User with arg constructor
User{username='zzuhkp', password='null'}
2

5.4 实例四序列化ID serialVersionUID必须一致

修改User类如下所示，注意serialVersionUID的值为1L。

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.Serializable;
public class User implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    public User() {
        System.out.println("User no arg constructor");
    }
    public User(String username, String password) {
        System.out.println("User with arg constructor");
        this.username = username;
        this.password = password;
    }
    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }
    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }
    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }
    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

新建SocketClient类作为Socket连接的客户端，代码如下：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.Socket;
public class SocketClient {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
        Socket socket=new Socket("127.0.0.1",8080);
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream);
        objectOutputStream.writeObject(user);
        objectOutputStream.close();
    }
}

新建项目，并在新项目中新建User类,User类的serialVersionUID为2L，其他内容和原项目User保值一致，代码如下；

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.Serializable;
public class User  implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 2L;
    //省略代码和实例四上面User内容一致
}

在新项目中新建SocketServer类作为Socket的服务端，代码如下：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class SocketServer {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        ServerSocket serverSocket=new ServerSocket(8080);
        Socket socket=serverSocket.accept();
        InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
        ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);
        Object obj = objectInputStream.readObject();
        objectInputStream.close();
        System.out.println(obj.toString());
    }
}

分别运行SocketServer和SocketClient，SocketServer程序运行报InvalidClassException异常，并提示 stream classdesc serialVersionUID = 1, local class serialVersionUID = 2，说明serialVersionUID必须保持一致才能序列化成功。

Exception in thread "main" java.io.InvalidClassException: com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable.User; local class incompatible: stream classdesc serialVersionUID = 1, local class serialVersionUID = 2
  at java.io.ObjectStreamClass.initNonProxy(ObjectStreamClass.java:687)
  at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readNonProxyDesc(ObjectInputStream.java:1883)
  at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readClassDesc(ObjectInputStream.java:1749)
  at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readOrdinaryObject(ObjectInputStream.java:2040)
  at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readObject0(ObjectInputStream.java:1571)
  at java.io.ObjectInputStream.readObject(ObjectInputStream.java:431)
  at com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable.SocketServer.main(SocketServer.java:15)

六、序列化对象的writeObject方法和readObject方法

序列化时ObjectOutputStream将通过反射获取并尝试调用序列化对象的

private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream)

方法进行序列化，如果不存在该方法则

ObjectOutputStream

使用默认的序列化方式进行序列化。在writeObject方法中可以先调用

objectOutputStream.defaultWriteObject()

方法进行默认的序列化，然后调用ObjectOutputStream类的其他方法序列化；

反序列化时ObjectInputStream将通过反射获取并尝试调用序列化对象的

方法进行反序列化，如果不存在该方法则ObjectInputStream使用默认的反序列化方式进行反序列化。在readObject中可以先调用

objectInputStream.defaultReadObject()

方法进行默认的反序列化，然后调用ObjectInputStream类的其他方法反序列化；

修改User类如下所示：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class User implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private String username;
    private transient String password;
    private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        objectOutputStream.defaultWriteObject();
        objectOutputStream.writeObject(this.password);
    }
    private void readObject(ObjectInputStream objectInputStream) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        objectInputStream.defaultReadObject();
        this.password = (String) objectInputStream.readObject();
    }
    //省略代码和实例一中的User类代码相同
}

修改实例一中的Main类如下所示：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        writeObj(user);
        User user1= (User) readObj();
        System.out.println(user1.toString());
    }
    //省略代码和实例一中的Main类代码一致
}

运行结果如下，说明使用自定义的序列化方式对transient修饰的成员变量序列化已经生效。

User with arg constructor
User{username='zzuhkp', password='123456'}

七、序列化接口Externalizable

Externalizable接口继承Serializable接口，并声明了两个方法用于分别对对象进行序列化和反序列化，查看Externalizable的主要源码如下：

package java.io;
import java.io.ObjectOutput;
import java.io.ObjectInput;
public interface Externalizable extends java.io.Serializable {
    void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException;
    void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException;
}

一个类实现Externalizable接口，该类即可参与序列化，此时需要我们自己调用writeExternal方法进行序列化，调用readExternal方法进行反序列化，并且实现Serializable接口进行的默认序列化方式不会生效。

修改实例一中的User类如下：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class User implements Externalizable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    @Override
    public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
        out.writeObject(this.username);
    }
    @Override
    public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        this.username = (String) in.readObject();
    }
    //省略代码和实例一中User的代码一致
}

修改Main类的代码如下：

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        writeObj(user);
        User user1= (User) readObj();
        System.out.println(user1.toString());
    }
    //省略代码和实例一中Main方法的代码一致
}

在User类中只对成员变量username进行序列化和反序列化，运行结果如下所示,说明我们自定义的序列化和反序列化已经生效：

User with arg constructor
User no arg constructor
User{username='zzuhkp', password='null'}

八、序列化对象的writeReplace和readResolve方法

如果序列化对象包含Object writeReplace() throws ObjectStreamException方法，在序列化时将使用writeReplace方法的返回值作为序列化的对象替代原序列化对象；

如果序列化对象包含Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException方法，在反序列化时将使用readResolve方法的返回值作为反序列化的对象替代原反序列化对象。

修改实例一中的User类如下所示，注意添加了writeReplace()和 readResolve()方法。

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class User implements Serializable {
    private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    private Object writeReplace() throws ObjectStreamException{
        System.out.println("writeReplace() is called");
        User user=new User("writeReplace Name","123");
        return user;
    }
    private Object readResolve() throws ObjectStreamException{
        System.out.println("readResolve() is called");
        User user=new User("readResolve Name","456");
        return user;
    }
    public User() {
        System.out.println("User no arg constructor");
    }
    public User(String username, String password) {
        System.out.println("User with arg constructor");
        this.username = username;
        this.password = password;
    }
    public String getUsername() {
        return username;
    }
    public void setUsername(String username) {
        this.username = username;
    }
    public String getPassword() {
        return password;
    }
    public void setPassword(String password) {
        this.password = password;
    }
    @Override
    public String toString() {
        return "User{" +
                "username='" + username + '\'' +
                ", password='" + password + '\'' +
                '}';
    }
}

测试类Main类代码如下:

package com.zzuhkp.javanote.serializable;
import java.io.*;
public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        User user = new User("zzuhkp", "123456");
        writeObj(user);
        User user1= (User) readObj();
        System.out.println(user1.toString());
    }
    public static void writeObj(Object obj) throws IOException {
        OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream("object.txt");
        ObjectOutputStream objectOutputStream = new ObjectOutputStream(outputStream);
        objectOutputStream.writeObject(obj);
        objectOutputStream.close();
    }
    public static Object readObj() throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
        InputStream inputStream = new FileInputStream("object.txt");
        ObjectInputStream objectInputStream = new ObjectInputStream(inputStream);
        Object obj = objectInputStream.readObject();
        objectInputStream.close();
        return obj;
    }
}

运行结果如下，说明反序列化的对象已经被readResolve()方法的返回值替代。

User with arg constructor
writeReplace() is called
User with arg constructor
readResolve() is called
User with arg constructor
User{username='readResolve Name', password='456'}

Java 核心技术之序列化 Serializable

一、序列化概念

二、序列化特点

三、序列化步骤

四、反序列化步骤

五、序列化实例

六、序列化对象的writeObject方法和readObject方法

七、序列化接口Externalizable

八、序列化对象的writeReplace和readResolve方法

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