1. 介绍
接口测试的方式有很多，可以使用的工具有jmeter，postman，soapUI等，也可以自己写代码进行接口测试（Python，java，go等等），工具的使用相对来说都比较简单，开箱即用。但如果接口中定义了一些需要加解密、数字签名等一些动态计算时，工具就很无助，唯有写代码进行实现测试。所以要根据接口协议，有针对性的进行选择工具，当工具不适合项目时需要进行工具开发。对于工具开发选择语言，语言本身没有优劣之分，选择自己擅长的和合适的。相对于java，go语言，Python不需要编译，而且支持的库很多，是其特点；其支持http协议接口的有urllib，urllib2以及requests库，支持websocket协议的库有websockets、websocket-client，支持grpc的库有grpcio、grpcio-tools，以及支持图形界面的PyQt5。本文中使用的Python版本为3.9.0，下面简单介绍下http、websocket、grpc接口示例，最后介绍使用PyQt5打造自己的测试工具。
2. http协议接口
对于http协议接口，requests库用起来最方便，因此采用requests库来做http协议的接口测试。安装requests：
pip install requests
2.1 GET请求示例
天气查询接口:http://wthrcdn.etouch.cn/weather_mini
import requests r = requests.get('http://wthrcdn.etouch.cn/weather_mini') print(r.text)
输出结果：'{"status":1002,"desc":"invilad-citykey"}'
2.2 带参数的GET请求示例
参数：city 城市名称
import requests data ={} data['city']='北京' r = requests.get('http://wthrcdn.etouch.cn/weather_mini',params=data) print(r.text)
输出结果：'{"data":{"yesterday":{"date":"31日星期二","high":"高温 27℃","fx":"南风","low":"低温 17℃","fl":"","type":"小雨"},"city":"北京","forecast":[{"date":"1日星期三","high":"高温 29℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 18℃","fengxiang":"南风","type":"晴"},{"date":"2日星期四","high":"高温 30℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 20℃","fengxiang":"南风","type":"晴"},{"date":"3日星期五","high":"高温 30℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 22℃","fengxiang":"南风","type":"阴"},{"date":"4日星期六","high":"高温 26℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 21℃","fengxiang":"南风","type":"中雨"},{"date":"5日星期天","high":"高温 26℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 20℃","fengxiang":" 东风","type":"小雨"}],"ganmao":"感冒易发期，外出请适当调整衣物，注意补充水分。","wendu":"23"},"status":1000,"desc":"OK"}'
假如服务对请求中city的一致性进行校验，header中需要传入Authorization，为city值的md5
import hashlib data ={} data['city']='合肥' auth=hashlib.md5(data['city'].encode(encoding='utf-8')).hexdigest() headers = {'Authorization': auth} r = requests.get('http://wthrcdn.etouch.cn/weather_mini',params=data,headers=headers) print(r.text)
输出结果：'{"data":{"yesterday":{"date":"31日星期二","high":"高温 35℃","fx":"南风","low":"低温 25℃","fl":"","type":"晴"},"city":"合肥","forecast":[{"date":"1日星期三","high":"高温 30℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 24℃","fengxiang":"北风","type":"小雨"},{"date":"2日星期四","high":"高温 26℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 23℃","fengxiang":"西北风","type":"阴"},{"date":"3日星期五","high":"高温 29℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 23℃","fengxiang":"东风","type":"多云"},{"date":"4日星期六","high":"高温 29℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 24℃","fengxiang":"东风","type":"小雨"},{"date":"5日星期天","high":"高温 31℃","fengli":"","low":"低温 24℃","fengxiang":"东北风","type":"小雨"}],"ganmao":"感冒低发期，天气舒适，请注意多吃蔬菜水果，多喝水哦。","wendu":"26"},"status":1000,"desc":"OK"}'
2.3 POST请求示例
本示例使用requests官网示例，POST请求不再多介绍，可参考官网。Github API v3 接受编码为JSON的POST数据
import json url = 'https://api.github.com/some/endpoint' payload = {'some': 'data'} r = requests.post(url, data=json.dumps(payload))
3. Websocket协议接口
安装websockets库
pip install websockets
下面是一个NLP接口的例子，客户端连接服务端，发送文本，接收返回结果，其中文本需要进行base64加密。
import uuid import websockets async def send_msg(websocket): text = '我要查余额' bs = str(base64.b64encode(text.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8') sid = uuid.uuid4() timestamp = str(int(time.time()) * 1000) msg = '{"app":"test","sn":"123","timeStamp":"' + timestamp + '","version":"1.0.0","data":"' + bs + '",' \ '"sid":"' + str(sid) + '"} ' print(msg) await websocket.send(msg) rev_text = await websocket.recv() print(rev_text) async def client(): async with websockets.connect('ws://xxx.xxx.com/nlp') as websocket: await send_msg(websocket) if __name__ == '__main__': asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(client())
执行结果示例：{"appid":"test","sn":"123","timeStamp":"1630586234000","version":"1.0.0","data":"5oiR6KaB5p+l6K+i5L2Z6aKd",sid":"4c6f5a64-2374-4616-9385-376c0d25bc1e"}{"code":"0000","msg":"succ","nlp":"{"sceneKey":"","sid":"d28c7631-54d9-493e-8db8-f67a5ecc2a25","uid":"d28c7631-54d9-493e-8db8-f67a5ecc2a25","text":"我要查询余额",,"semantic":[{"intent":"querybalance","intentName":"查询余额","intentCnxt":"","template":"{Query}余额","score":0.865519,"slots":[]}],"dialog":{"status":0,"uid":"","reaction":{"text":""},"slots":null},"answer":{"answerType":"","text":"","emotion":"","topic":"","topicID":"","type":"","question":{"question":"","question_ws":""}}}","extendData":"","sid":"d28c7631-54d9-493e-8db8-f67a5ecc2a25","last":true}
4. grpc协议接口
grpc协议需要Python 3.5版本以上，安装所需的库：
pip install grpcio pip install grpcio-tools
下面以虚拟主播服务接口为例，服务使用了grpc双向流进行交互，与服务端建立连接后，会返回一个rtmp地址，推送虚拟主播视频流，向服务端发送文本，会驱动虚拟主播播报文本。
4.1 编写avatar.proto文件
syntax = "proto3"; package protocol; message AvatarRequest { string app = 1; string timestamp = 2; string version = 3; string anchorId = 4; string vcn = 5; bytes data = 6; int32 width = 7; int32 height = 8; string type=9; } message AvatarResponse { string code = 1; string msg = 2; string type = 3; bytes data = 4; string status = 5; string sessionId = 6; } service AvatarInteraction { rpc Interact (stream AvatarRequest) returns (stream AvatarResponse) { } }
4.2 使用工具生成grpc代码
python -m grpc_tools.protoc -I. --python_out=. --grpc_python_out=. ./avatar.proto最终生成avatar_pb2.py和avatar_pb2_grpc.py两个文件
4.3 grpc请求示例
将上述两个文件，引入到项目代码中
import sys import threading import time import grpc import avatar_pb2 as pb import avatar_pb2_grpc as avatar class avatarClient(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.status = False self.serverUrl = "" self.anchorId = '1001' self.vcn = 'xiaoyuan' self.app = 'testapp' self.type = '0' self.sendTxt = False self.text = "" self.connectType = '1001' self.pingType = '-1000' self.width = 1080 self.height = 1920 self.sid = "" self.print_res = printRes() self.lastPingTime = int(time.time() * 1000) # 连接服务 def connect_sever(self): return pb.AvatarRequest(app=self.app, timestamp=str(int(time.time() * 1000)), version='1.0.0', anchorId=self.anchorId, vcn=self.vcn, type=self.connectType, width=self.width, height=self.height) # 发送文本 def send_text(self): return pb.AvatarRequest(app=self.app, timestamp=str(int(time.time() * 1000)), version='1.0.0', anchorId=self.anchorId, vcn=self.vcn, type='3', data=str(self.text).encode('utf-8')) # 发送ping def send_ping(self): return pb.AvatarRequest(app=self.app, timestamp=str(int(time.time() * 1000)), version='1.0.0', anchorId=self.anchorId, vcn=self.vcn, type=self.pingType) def send_message(self): yield self.connect_sever() #间隔10秒,发送ping,进行连接保活 while True: if self.sendTxt: yield self.send_text() self.sendTxt = False if (int(time.time() * 1000) - int(self.lastPingTime)) < 10000: continue else: yield self.send_ping() self.lastPingTime = int(time.time() * 1000) def run(self): self.status = True if self.serverUrl == "": return with grpc.insecure_channel(self.serverUrl) as channel: stub = avatar.AvatarInteractionStub(channel) self.channel = channel responses = stub.Interact(self.send_message()) self.print_res.setClient(responses, self) self.print_res.start() time.sleep(1) while True: if self.print_res.runStatus == False: break client.text = input("input your text:\n") client.sendTxt = True time.sleep(1) def stop(self): try: self.status = False self.print_res.runStatus = False time.sleep(1) except KeyboardInterrupt: pass class printRes(threading.Thread): def __init__(self): threading.Thread.__init__(self) self.runStatus = True def setClient(self, responses, client): self.responses = responses self.client = client def run(self): try: for response in self.responses: print(response) if not self.runStatus: sys.exit(0) if response.code != "000000": self.runStatus = False sys.exit(0) except Exception: print("err") if __name__ == '__main__': client = avatarClient() client.serverUrl = "xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:xxxx" client.start()
5. 打造自己的测试工具
在编辑器中执行测试，有时候交互性不太友好，因此我们可以打造一个带交互界面的测试工具。QT是跨平台C++库的集合，它实现高级API来访问现代桌面和移动系统的许多方面。这些服务包括定位和定位服务、多媒体、NFC和蓝牙连接、基于铬的web浏览器以及传统的UI开发。PyQt5是一套针对QtV5的全面Python绑定。它被实现为超过35个扩展模块，并使Python可以作为一个替代的应用程序开发语言C++在所有支持的平台上包括IOS和Android。
5.1 安装PyQt5
pip install PyQt5
如果要使用图像界面进行设计，可以安装Qt Designer图形界面开发工具，相关配置可以自行搜索。
pip install PyQt5-tools
5.2 打造websocket测试工具
下面以websocket接口为例，实现一个nlp的测试工具
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import sys import asyncio import base64 import time import uuid import websockets from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtWidgets from PyQt5.QtWidgets import * class Ui_mainWindow(object): def __init__(self, mainWindow): self.mainWindow = mainWindow self.setupUi() def setupUi(self): self.mainWindow.setObjectName("mainWindow") self.mainWindow.setWindowModality(QtCore.Qt.WindowModal) self.mainWindow.resize(600, 300) self.mainWindow.setWindowTitle("NLP测试工具") self.centralwidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(self.mainWindow) self.centralwidget.setObjectName("centralwidget") self.widget1 = QtWidgets.QWidget(self.centralwidget) self.widget1.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(10, 30, 400, 25)) self.widget1.setObjectName("widget1") self.horizontalLayout = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(self.widget1) self.horizontalLayout.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0) self.horizontalLayout.setObjectName("horizontalLayout") self.serverUrlLabel = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.widget1) self.serverUrlLabel.setObjectName("label") self.serverUrlLabel.setText("服务地址:") self.horizontalLayout.addWidget(self.serverUrlLabel) self.serverUrlLineEdit = QtWidgets.QLineEdit(self.widget1) self.serverUrlLineEdit.setEnabled(True) self.serverUrlLineEdit.setText("ws://xxx..xxx.xxx/nlp") self.serverUrlLineEdit.setMinimumWidth(320) self.serverUrlLineEdit.setMaximumWidth(320) self.serverUrlLineEdit.setObjectName("serverUrlLineEdit") self.horizontalLayout.addWidget(self.serverUrlLineEdit, stretch=500, alignment=QtCore.Qt.AlignLeft) self.sendTextWidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(self.centralwidget) self.sendTextWidget.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(0, 70, 500, 70)) self.sendTextWidget.setObjectName("sendTextWidget") self.sendTextLayout = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(self.sendTextWidget) self.sendTextLayout.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0) self.sendTextLayout.setObjectName("sendTextLayout") self.sendTextLabel = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.sendTextWidget) self.sendTextLabel.setContentsMargins(20, 0, 0, 0) self.sendTextLabel.setText("文本:") self.sendTextLayout.addWidget(self.sendTextLabel) self.sendTextTextEdit = QtWidgets.QTextEdit(self.sendTextWidget) self.sendTextTextEdit.setObjectName("sendTextTextEdit") self.sendTextLayout.addWidget(self.sendTextTextEdit) self.sendTextButton = QtWidgets.QPushButton(self.sendTextWidget) self.sendTextButton.setObjectName("sendText") self.sendTextButton.setText("发送") self.sendTextButton.clicked.connect(self.send_text) self.sendTextLayout.addWidget(self.sendTextButton) self.widget3 = QtWidgets.QWidget(self.centralwidget) self.widget3.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(0, 160, 420, 90)) self.widget3.setObjectName("widget3") self.logLayout = QtWidgets.QHBoxLayout(self.widget3) self.logLayout.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0) self.logLayout.setObjectName("logLayout") self.logLabel = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.widget3) self.logLabel.setObjectName("logLabel") self.logLabel.setContentsMargins(20, 0, 0, 0) self.logLabel.setLineWidth(30) self.logLabel.setText("返回:") self.logLayout.addWidget(self.logLabel) self.logTextEdit = QtWidgets.QTextEdit(self.widget3) self.logTextEdit.setContentsMargins(0, 0, 0, 0) self.logTextEdit.setObjectName("logTextEdit") self.logLayout.addWidget(self.logTextEdit) self.mainWindow.setCentralWidget(self.centralwidget) self.statusbar = QtWidgets.QStatusBar(self.mainWindow) self.statusbar.setObjectName("statusbar") self.mainWindow.setStatusBar(self.statusbar) QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(self.mainWindow) def send_text(self): self.websocketClient = WebsocketClient() self.websocketClient.url = self.serverUrlLineEdit.text() self.websocketClient.text = self.sendTextTextEdit.toPlainText() result = self.websocketClient.run() self.logTextEdit.setText(result)
class WebsocketClient: def __init__(self): self.url = "" async def send_msg(self, websocket): if self.text == "": return "empty text" bs = str(base64.b64encode(self.text.encode('utf-8')), 'utf-8') sid = uuid.uuid4() timestamp = str(int(time.time()) * 1000) msg = '{"app":"test","sn":"123","timeStamp":"' + timestamp + '","version":"1.0.0","data":"' + bs + '",' \ '"sid":"' + str(sid) + '"} ' await websocket.send(msg) rev_text = await websocket.recv() self.result = rev_text self.text = "" return rev_text async def connect(self): try: async with websockets.connect(self.url) as websocket: res = await self.send_msg(websocket) return res except Exception as e: return str(e) def run(self): return asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(self.connect()) if __name__ == "__main__": app = QApplication(sys.argv) window = QMainWindow() box = Ui_mainWindow(window) window.show() sys.exit(app.exec_())
执行结果：
5.3 虚拟主播工具介绍
上一节中，介绍了虚拟主播服务grpc接口示例，那么可以使用PyQt5打造虚拟主播的测试工具，此处不再提供示例代码，运行如下图：
