子查询 sub query
1、基本概念
1.1、子查询
嵌套查询下层的程序模块,当一个查询是另一个查询的条件时,称之为子查询
一条select语句中,嵌入了另一条select语句
1.2、主查询
主要的查询对象,第一条select语句,确定所获取的数据目标(数据源)
1.3、子查询和主查询的关系
- 子查询是嵌入到主查询中的
- 子查询辅助主查询,要么作为条件,要么作为数据源
- 子查询可以独立存在,是一条完整的select语句
1.4、子查询的分类
1、按功能分
- 标量子查询:子查询返回的结果是一个数据(一行一列)
- 列子查询:返回一列(一列多行)
- 行子查询:返回一行(一行多列)
- 表子查询:返回多行多列
- exists子查询 返回1或者0(类似布尔操作)
2、按位置分
- where子查询
- from子查询
2、标量子查询
查询结果是一个数据(一行一列)
2.1、基本语法
-- 子查询得到的结果只有一个值 select * from 数据源 where 条件判断 =/<> (select 字段名 form 数据源 where 条件判断); • 1 • 2
2.2、示例
-- 知道学生的id,查询所在班级名字 -- 主查询:班级,子查询:班级id mysql> select * from my_student; +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ mysql> select * from my_class; +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 1 | 一班 | | 3 | 三班 | | 2 | 二班 | +----+--------+ select class_id from my_student where id = 1; +----------+ | class_id | +----------+ | 1 | +----------+ select * from my_class where id = ( select class_id from my_student where id = 1 ); +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 1 | 一班 | +----+--------+
3、列子查询
列子查询得到的结果是一列数据,一列多行
3.1、基本语法
主查询 where 条件 in (列子查询) • 1
3.2、示例
-- 获取有学生的班级名字 -- 1、找到学生表中的所有班级id -- 2、找出班级表中对应的名字 select distinct(class_id) from my_student; +----------+ | class_id | +----------+ | 1 | | 2 | +----------+ select name from my_class where id in ( select distinct(class_id) from my_student ); +--------+ | name | +--------+ | 一班 | | 二班 | +--------+
4、行子查询
行子查询返回的结果是一行多列
- 字段元素:一个字段对应的值
- 行元素:多个字段合起来作为一个元素参与运算
4.1、基本语法
主查询 where 条件 [(构造一个行元素)] = (行子查询);
4.2、示例
获取班级年龄最大,且班级号最大的学生 1、求年龄最大 2、求班级号最大 3、求出学生 -- 错误示例 select * from my_student having age = max(age) and class_id = max(class_id); -- 1、having在group by之后,代表group by执行了一次,聚合函数使用 -- 2、group by 一旦执行,结果就是只返回一行记录,第一行 select max(age), max(class_id) from my_student; +----------+---------------+ | max(age) | max(class_id) | +----------+---------------+ | 22 | 2 | +----------+---------------+ select * from my_student where (age, class_id) = ( select max(age), max(class_id) from my_student ); Empty set (0.01 sec) select * from my_student where (age, class_id) = ( select max(age), min(class_id) from my_student ); +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+
总结:
标量子查询、列子查询、行子查询都属于where子查询
5、表子查询
表子查询返回结果是多行多列,与行子查询相似
行子查询需要行元素,表子查询没有
- 行子查询用于where条件判断,属于where子查询
- 表子查询用于from数据源,属于from子查询
5.1、基本语法
select 字段表 from (表子查询) as 别名 [where] [group by] [having] [order by] [limit] • 1
5.2、示例
获取每个班级年龄最大的学生 -- 错误示例 select * from my_student group by class_id having age = max(age); 将每个班年龄最大的学生排在最前面 order by 针对结果进行group by 保留每组第一条数据 -- select * from ( select * from my_student order by age desc ) as t group by t.class_id; +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+
6、exists子查询
返回结果只有0或者1,1代表成立,0代表不成立
6.1、基本语法
where exists (查询语句) -- 永远为真 where 1;
6.2、示例
-- 查询有学生的所有班级 select * from my_class as c where exists ( select id from my_student as s where s.class_id = c.id ); +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 1 | 一班 | | 2 | 二班 | +----+--------+
7、子查询中的特定关键字
mysql> select * from my_student; +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ mysql> select id from my_class; +----+ | id | +----+ | 1 | | 3 | | 2 | +----+
7.1、in
主查询 where 条件 in (列子查询) select * from my_student where class_id in (select id from my_class); +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+
7.2、any
-- 查询结果中有任意一个匹配即可,等价于in 主查询 where 条件 any (列子查询) select * from my_student where class_id = any (select id from my_class); +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ -- 不等于任意一个 主查询 where 条件 any <> (列子查询) select * from my_student where class_id <> any (select id from my_class); +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 5 | 关羽 | 1 | 22 | 2 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+
7.3、some
与any完全一样
7.4、all
-- 等于其中所有 =all(列子查询) select * from my_student where class_id = all (select id from my_class); Empty set (0.00 sec) select * from my_class where id = all (select class_id from my_student); Empty set (0.00 sec) -- 不等于其中所有 <>all(列子查询) select * from my_student where class_id <> all (select id from my_class); Empty set (0.00 sec) select * from my_class where id <> all (select class_id from my_student); +----+--------+ | id | name | +----+--------+ | 3 | 三班 | +----+--------+
7.5、值为null
如果值为null,不参与匹配
mysql> select * from my_student; +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 5 | 关羽 | NULL | 22 | 2 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ mysql> select * from my_student where class_id = any (select id from my_class); +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ mysql> select * from my_student where class_id <> any (select id from my_class); +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | id | name | class_id | age | gender | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+ | 1 | 刘备 | 1 | 18 | 2 | | 2 | 李四 | 1 | 19 | 1 | | 3 | 王五 | 2 | 20 | 2 | | 4 | 张飞 | 2 | 21 | 1 | | 6 | 曹操 | 1 | 20 | NULL | +----+--------+----------+------+--------+