JVM就是Java虚拟机,它是Java程序运行的载体。
计算机只识别0和1。Java是⾼级语⾔。⾼级语⾔编写的程序要想被计算机执⾏,需要变成⼆进制形式的本地机器码。能直接变成机器码的语义是C++,它的缺点是不同操作系统,需要准备多份。Java需要先变成Java字节码(class⽂件)。然后再变成机器码。JVM可以实现Java的⼀次编译,到处运⾏。
这个就是区别于类似于C语⾔的⽅式。机器码是电脑CPU直接读取运行的机器指令,运行速度最快,但是非常晦涩难懂,也比较难编写,一般从业人员接触不到。字节码是一种中间状态(中间码)的二进制代码(文件)。需要直译器转译后才能成为机器码。
JVM字节码(class文件)
对于程序本身的优化,可以借鉴很多前辈们的经验,但是有些时候,在从源码角度方面分析的话,不好鉴别出哪个效率高,如对字符串拼接的操作,是直接“+”号拼接效率高还是使用StringBuilder效率高?这个时候,就需要通过查看编译好的class文件中字节码,就可以找到答案。
我们都知道,java编写应用,需要先通过javac命令编译成class文件,再通过jvm执行,jvm执行时是需要将class文件中的字节码载入到jvm进行运行的。
通过javap命令查看class文件的字节码内容
首先,看一个简单的Test1类的代码:
public class Test1 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int a = 2;
int b = 5;
int c = b - a;
System.out.println(c);
}
}
通过javap命令查看class文件中的字节码内容:
javap ‐v Test1.class > Test1.txt
用法: javap <options> <classes>
其中, 可能的选项包括:
-help --help -? 输出此用法消息
-version 版本信息
-v -verbose 输出附加信息
-l 输出行号和本地变量表
-public 仅显示公共类和成员
-protected 显示受保护的/公共类和成员
-package 显示程序包/受保护的/公共类
和成员 (默认)
-p -private 显示所有类和成员
-c 对代码进行反汇编
-s 输出内部类型签名
-sysinfo 显示正在处理的类的
系统信息 (路径, 大小, 日期, MD5 散列)
-constants 显示最终常量
-classpath <path> 指定查找用户类文件的位置
-cp <path> 指定查找用户类文件的位置
-bootclasspath <path> 覆盖引导类文件的位置
查看Test1.txt文件,内容如下:
Classfile /E:cn/zjq/jvm/Test1.class
Last modified 2021-7-28; size 411 bytes
MD5 checksum 50e6a3429b5ebc3fa0ad40dcb54ebf03
Compiled from "Test1.java"
public class cn.zjq.jvm.Test1
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #5.#14 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Fieldref #15.#16 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#3 = Methodref #17.#18 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
#4 = Class #19 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test1
#5 = Class #20 // java/lang/Object
#6 = Utf8 <init>
#7 = Utf8 ()V
#8 = Utf8 Code
#9 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#10 = Utf8 main
#11 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#12 = Utf8 SourceFile
#13 = Utf8 Test1.java
#14 = NameAndType #6:#7 // "<init>":()V
#15 = Class #21 // java/lang/System
#16 = NameAndType #22:#23 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#17 = Class #24 // java/io/PrintStream
#18 = NameAndType #25:#26 // println:(I)V
#19 = Utf8 cn/zjq/jvm/Test1
#20 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#21 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#22 = Utf8 out
#23 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#24 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#25 = Utf8 println
#26 = Utf8 (I)V
{
public cn.zjq.jvm.Test1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
0: iconst_2
1: istore_1
2: iconst_5
3: istore_2
4: iload_2
5: iload_1
6: isub
7: istore_3
8: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: iload_3
12: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
15: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 7: 2
line 8: 4
line 9: 8
line 10: 15
}
SourceFile: "Test1.java"
内容大致分为4个部分:
第一部分:显示了生成这个class的java源文件、版本信息、生成时间等。
第二部分:显示了该类中所涉及到常量池,共26个常量。
第三部分:显示该类的构造器,编译器自动插入的。
第四部分:显示了main方的信息。(这个是需要我们重点关注的)
常量池
官网文档:
https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se8/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.4-140
Constant Type | Value | 说明 |
---|---|---|
CONSTANT_Class | 7 | 类或接口的符号引用 |
CONSTANT_Fieldref | 9 | 字段的符号引用 |
CONSTANT_Methodref | 10 | 类中方法的符号引用 |
CONSTANT_InterfaceMethodref | 11 | 接口中方法的符号引用 |
CONSTANT_String | 8 | 字符串类型常量 |
CONSTANT_Integer | 3 | 整形常量 |
CONSTANT_Float | 4 | 浮点型常量 |
CONSTANT_Long | 5 | 长整型常量 |
CONSTANT_Double | 6 | 双精度浮点型常量 |
CONSTANT_NameAndType | 12 | 字段或方法的符号引用 |
CONSTANT_Utf8 | 1 | UTF-8编码的字符串 |
CONSTANT_MethodHandle | 15 | 表示方法句柄 |
CONSTANT_MethodType | 16 | 标志方法类型 |
CONSTANT_InvokeDynamic | 18 | 表示一个动态方法调用点 |
描述符
字段描述符
官网:https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se8/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.3.2
| FieldType_ _term |
Type |
Interpretation | ||
---|---|---|
B | byte | signed byte |
C |
char | Unicode character code point in the Basic Multilingual Plane, encoded with UTF-16 |
| D | double | double-precision floating-point value |
| F | float | single-precision floating-point value |
| I | int | integer |
| J | long | long integer |
| LClassName; | reference | an instance of class ClassName |
| S | short | signed short |
| Z | boolean | true or false |
| [ | reference | one array dimension |
方法描述符
官网:https://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jvms/se8/html/jvms-4.html#jvms-4.3.3
示例:
The method descriptor for the method:
Object m(int i, double d, Thread t) {...}
is:
(IDLjava/lang/Thread;)Ljava/lang/Object;
解读方法字节码
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V //方法描述,V表示该方法的放回值为void
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC // 方法修饰符,public、static的
Code:
// stack=2,操作栈的大小为2、locals=4,本地变量表大小,args_size=1, 参数的个数
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
0: iconst_2 //将数字2值压入操作栈,位于栈的最上面
1: istore_1 //从操作栈中弹出一个元素(数字2),放入到本地变量表中,位于下标为1的位置(下标为0的是this)
2: iconst_5 //将数字5值压入操作栈,位于栈的最上面
3: istore_2 //从操作栈中弹出一个元素(5),放入到本地变量表中,位于第下标为2个位置
4: iload_2 //将本地变量表中下标为2的位置元素压入操作栈(5)
5: iload_1 //将本地变量表中下标为1的位置元素压入操作栈(2)
6: isub //操作栈中的2个数字相减
7: istore_3 // 将相减的结果压入到本地本地变量表中,位于下标为3的位置
// 通过#2号找到对应的常量,即可找到对应的引用
8: getstatic #2 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
11: iload_3 //将本地变量表中下标为3的位置元素压入操作栈(3)
// 通过#3号找到对应的常量,即可找到对应的引用,进行方法调用
12: invokevirtual #3 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
15: return //返回
LineNumberTable: //行号的列表
line | 6: | 0 |
---|---|---|
line | 7: | 2 |
line | 8: | 4 |
line | 9: | 8 |
line 10: 15 LocalVariableTable: // 本地变量表
| Start
0 | Length
16 | Slot
0 | Name
args | Signature
[Ljava/lang/String; | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | 14 | 1 | a | I |
4 | 12 | 2 | b | I |
8 | 8 | 3 | c | I |
}
SourceFile: "Test1.java"
图解
研究i++ 与++i 的不同
我们都知道,i++表示,先返回再+1,++i表示,先+1再返回。它的底层是怎么样的呢? 我们一起探究下。
编写测试代码:
public class Test2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Test2().method1();
new Test2().method2();
}
public void method1(){
int i = 1;
int a = i++;
System.out.println(a); //打印1
}
public void method2(){
int i = 1;
int a = ++i;
System.out.println(a);//打印2
}
}
2.5.1 、查看class字节码
Classfile /E:/cn/zjq/jvm/Test2.class
Last modified 2021-7-28; size 572 bytes
MD5 checksum 3a7509b80d2f5064b662c1912a716e1b
Compiled from "Test2.java"
public class Test2
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #8.#19 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #20 // Test2
#3 = Methodref #2.#19 // Test2."<init>":()V
#4 = Methodref #2.#21 // Test2.method1:()V
#5 = Methodref #2.#22 // Test2.method2:()V
#6 = Fieldref #23.#24 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#7 = Methodref #25.#26 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
#8 = Class #27 // java/lang/Object
#9 = Utf8 <init>
#10 = Utf8 ()V
#11 = Utf8 Code
#12 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#13 = Utf8 main
#14 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#15 = Utf8 method1
#16 = Utf8 method2
#17 = Utf8 SourceFile
#18 = Utf8 Test2.java
#19 = NameAndType #9:#10 // "<init>":()V
#20 = Utf8 Test2
#21 = NameAndType #15:#10 // method1:()V
#22 = NameAndType #16:#10 // method2:()V
#23 = Class #28 // java/lang/System
#24 = NameAndType #29:#30 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#25 = Class #31 // java/io/PrintStream
#26 = NameAndType #32:#33 // println:(I)V
#27 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#28 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#29 = Utf8 out
#30 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#31 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#32 = Utf8 println
#33 = Utf8 (I)V
{
public Test2();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 1: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class Test2
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
7: invokevirtual #4 // Method method1:()V
10: new #2 // class Test2
13: dup
14: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
17: invokevirtual #5 // Method method2:()V
20: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
line 4: 10
line 5: 20
public void method1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: iconst_1
1: istore_1
2: iload_1
3: iinc 1, 1
6: istore_2
7: getstatic #6 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: iload_2
11: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
14: return
LineNumberTable:
line 7: 0
line 8: 2
line 9: 7
line 10: 14
public void method2();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: iconst_1
1: istore_1
2: iinc 1, 1
5: iload_1
6: istore_2
7: getstatic #6 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: iload_2
11: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
14: return
LineNumberTable:
line 13: 0
line 14: 2
line 15: 7
line 16: 14
}
SourceFile: "Test2.java"
对比
i++:
0: iconst_1 //将数字1压入到操作栈
1: istore_1 //将数字1从操作栈弹出,压入到本地变量表中,下标为1
2: iload_1 //从本地变量表中获取下标为1的数据,压入到操作栈中
3: iinc 1, 1 // 将本地变量中的1,再+1
6: istore_2 // 将数字1从操作栈弹出,压入到本地变量表中,下标为2
7: getstatic #6 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: iload_2 //从本地变量表中获取下标为2的数据,压入到操作栈中
11: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
14: return
++i:
0: iconst_1 //将数字1压入到操作栈
1: istore_1 //将数字1从操作栈弹出,压入到本地变量表中,下标为1
2: iinc 1, 1// 将本地变量中的1,再+1
5: iload_1 //从本地变量表中获取下标为1的数据(2),压入到操作栈中
6: istore_2 //将数字2从操作栈弹出,压入到本地变量表中,下标为2
7: getstatic #6 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
10: iload_2 //从本地变量表中获取下标为2的数据(2),压入到操作栈中
11: invokevirtual #7 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(I)V
14: return
区别:
i++
- 只是在本地变量中对数字做了相加,并没有将数据压入到操作栈
- 将前面拿到的数字1,再次从操作栈中拿到,压入到本地变量中
++i
- 将本地变量中的数字做了相加,并且将数据压入到操作栈
- 将操作栈中的数据,再次压入到本地变量中
小结:可以通过查看字节码的方式对代码的底层做研究,探究其原理。
字符串拼接
字符串的拼接在开发过程中使用是非常频繁的,常用的方式有三种:
- +号拼接:str+"456"
- StringBuilder拼接
- StringBuffer拼接
StringBuffer是保证线程安全的,效率是比较低的,我们更多的是使用场景是不会涉及到线程安全的问题的,所以更多的时候会选择StringBuilder,效率会高一些。
那么,问题来了,StringBuilder和“+”号拼接,哪个效率高呢?接下来我们通过字节码的 方式进行探究。
首先,编写个示例:
package cn.zjq.jvm;
public class Test3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Test3().m1();
new Test3().m2();
}
public void m1(){
String s1 = "123";
String s2 = "456";
String s3 = s1 + s2;
System.out.println(s3);
}
public void m2(){
String s1 = "123";
String s2 = "456";
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append(s1);
sb.append(s2);
String s3 = sb.toString();
System.out.println(s3);
}
}
查看Test3.class的字节码
Classfile /E:/jvm-test/src/main/java/cn/zjq/jvm/Test3.class
Last modified 2021-7-28; size 817 bytes
MD5 checksum 51561188551689cee4e66aff5f7eb966
Compiled from "Test3.java"
public class cn.zjq.jvm.Test3
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #14.#25 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #26 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test3
#3 = Methodref #2.#25 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test3."<init>":()V
#4 = Methodref #2.#27 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test3.m1:()V
#5 = Methodref #2.#28 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test3.m2:()V
#6 = String #29 // 123
#7 = String #30 // 456
#8 = Class #31 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#9 = Methodref #8.#25 // java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
#10 = Methodref #8.#32 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#11 = Methodref #8.#33 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#12 = Fieldref #34.#35 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#13 = Methodref #36.#37 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#14 = Class #38 // java/lang/Object
#15 = Utf8 <init>
#16 = Utf8 ()V
#17 = Utf8 Code
#18 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#19 = Utf8 main
#20 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#21 = Utf8 m1
#22 = Utf8 m2
#23 = Utf8 SourceFile
#24 = Utf8 Test3.java
#25 = NameAndType #15:#16 // "<init>":()V
#26 = Utf8 cn/zjq/jvm/Test3
#27 = NameAndType #21:#16 // m1:()V
#28 = NameAndType #22:#16 // m2:()V
#29 = Utf8 123
#30 = Utf8 456
#31 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#32 = NameAndType #39:#40 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#33 = NameAndType #41:#42 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#34 = Class #43 // java/lang/System
#35 = NameAndType #44:#45 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#36 = Class #46 // java/io/PrintStream
#37 = NameAndType #47:#48 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#38 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#39 = Utf8 append
#40 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#41 = Utf8 toString
#42 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#43 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#44 = Utf8 out
#45 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#46 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#47 = Utf8 println
#48 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
{
public cn.zjq.jvm.Test3();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class cn/zjq/jvm/Test3
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
7: invokevirtual #4 // Method m1:()V
10: new #2 // class cn/zjq/jvm/Test3
13: dup
14: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
17: invokevirtual #5 // Method m2:()V
20: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 7: 10
line 8: 20
public void m1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=4, args_size=1
0: ldc #6 // String 123
2: astore_1
3: ldc #7 // String 456
5: astore_2
6: new #8 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
9: dup
10: invokespecial #9 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
13: aload_1
14: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
17: aload_2
18: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
21: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
24: astore_3
25: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
28: aload_3
29: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
32: return
LineNumberTable:
line 11: 0
line 12: 3
line 13: 6
line 14: 25
line 15: 32
public void m2();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=5, args_size=1
0: ldc #6 // String 123
2: astore_1
3: ldc #7 // String 456
5: astore_2
6: new #8 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
9: dup
10: invokespecial #9 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
13: astore_3
14: aload_3
15: aload_1
16: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
19: pop
20: aload_3
21: aload_2
22: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
25: pop
26: aload_3
27: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
30: astore 4
32: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
35: aload 4
37: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
40: return
LineNumberTable:
line 18: 0
line 19: 3
line 20: 6
line 21: 14
line 22: 20
line 23: 26
line 24: 32
line 25: 40
}
SourceFile: "Test3.java"
从解字节码中可以看出,m1()方法源码中是使用+号拼接,但是在字节码中也被编译成了StringBuilder方式。所以,可以得出结论,字符串拼接,+号和StringBuilder是相等的,效率一样。 接下来,我们再看一个案例:
package cn.zjq.jvm;
public class Test4 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Test4().m1();
new Test4().m2();
}
public void m1(){
String str = "";
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
str = str + i;
}
System.out.println(str);
}
public void m2(){
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
sb.append(i);
}
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}
}
m1() 与m2() 哪个方法的效率高?依然是通过字节码的方式进行探究。
Classfile /E:jvm/jvm-test/src/main/java/cn/zjq/jvm/Test4.class
Last modified 2021-7-28; size 926 bytes
MD5 checksum 7e80afebcbdc278af26a12995acfda40
Compiled from "Test4.java"
public class cn.zjq.jvm.Test4
minor version: 0
major version: 52
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_SUPER
Constant pool:
#1 = Methodref #14.#28 // java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
#2 = Class #29 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test4
#3 = Methodref #2.#28 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test4."<init>":()V
#4 = Methodref #2.#30 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test4.m1:()V
#5 = Methodref #2.#31 // cn/zjq/jvm/Test4.m2:()V
#6 = String #32 //
#7 = Class #33 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#8 = Methodref #7.#28 // java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
#9 = Methodref #7.#34 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#10 = Methodref #7.#35 // java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#11 = Methodref #7.#36 // java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#12 = Fieldref #37.#38 // java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#13 = Methodref #39.#40 // java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#14 = Class #41 // java/lang/Object
#15 = Utf8 <init>
#16 = Utf8 ()V
#17 = Utf8 Code
#18 = Utf8 LineNumberTable
#19 = Utf8 main
#20 = Utf8 ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
#21 = Utf8 m1
#22 = Utf8 StackMapTable
#23 = Class #42 // java/lang/String
#24 = Utf8 m2
#25 = Class #33 // java/lang/StringBuilder
#26 = Utf8 SourceFile
#27 = Utf8 Test4.java
#28 = NameAndType #15:#16 // "<init>":()V
#29 = Utf8 cn/zjq/jvm/Test4
#30 = NameAndType #21:#16 // m1:()V
#31 = NameAndType #24:#16 // m2:()V
#32 = Utf8
#33 = Utf8 java/lang/StringBuilder
#34 = NameAndType #43:#44 // append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#35 = NameAndType #43:#45 // append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#36 = NameAndType #46:#47 // toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
#37 = Class #48 // java/lang/System
#38 = NameAndType #49:#50 // out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#39 = Class #51 // java/io/PrintStream
#40 = NameAndType #52:#53 // println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
#41 = Utf8 java/lang/Object
#42 = Utf8 java/lang/String
#43 = Utf8 append
#44 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#45 = Utf8 (I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
#46 = Utf8 toString
#47 = Utf8 ()Ljava/lang/String;
#48 = Utf8 java/lang/System
#49 = Utf8 out
#50 = Utf8 Ljava/io/PrintStream;
#51 = Utf8 java/io/PrintStream
#52 = Utf8 println
#53 = Utf8 (Ljava/lang/String;)V
{
public cn.zjq.jvm.Test4();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=1, locals=1, args_size=1
0: aload_0
1: invokespecial #1 // Method java/lang/Object."<init>":()V
4: return
LineNumberTable:
line 3: 0
public static void main(java.lang.String[]);
descriptor: ([Ljava/lang/String;)V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC, ACC_STATIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=1, args_size=1
0: new #2 // class cn/zjq/jvm/Test4
3: dup
4: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
7: invokevirtual #4 // Method m1:()V
10: new #2 // class cn/zjq/jvm/Test4
13: dup
14: invokespecial #3 // Method "<init>":()V
17: invokevirtual #5 // Method m2:()V
20: return
LineNumberTable:
line 6: 0
line 7: 10
line 8: 20
public void m1();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: ldc #6 // String
2: astore_1 // 将空字符串压入到本地变量表中的下标为1的位置
3: iconst_0 // 将数字0压入操作栈顶
4: istore_2 // 将栈顶数字0压入到本地变量表中的下标为2的位置
5: iload_2 // 将本地变量中下标为2的数字0压入操作栈顶
6: iconst_5 // 将数字5压入操作栈顶
7: if_icmpge 35 //比较栈顶两int型数值大小,当结果大于等于0时跳转到35
10: new #7 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
13: dup //复制栈顶数值并将复制值压入栈顶(数字5)
14: invokespecial #8 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
17: aload_1
18: invokevirtual #9 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(Ljava/lang/String;)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
21: iload_2 //将本地变量中下标为2的数字0压入操作栈顶
22: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
25: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
28: astore_1
29: iinc 2, 1
32: goto 5
35: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
38: aload_1
39: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
42: return
LineNumberTable:
line 11: 0
line 12: 3
line 13: 10
line 12: 29
line 15: 35
line 16: 42
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 2
frame_type = 253 /* append */
offset_delta = 5
locals = [ class java/lang/String, int ]
frame_type = 250 /* chop */
offset_delta = 29
public void m2();
descriptor: ()V
flags: ACC_PUBLIC
Code:
stack=2, locals=3, args_size=1
0: new #7 // class java/lang/StringBuilder
3: dup
4: invokespecial #8 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder."<init>":()V
7: astore_1
8: iconst_0
9: istore_2
10: iload_2
11: iconst_5
12: if_icmpge 27
15: aload_1
16: iload_2
17: invokevirtual #10 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.append:(I)Ljava/lang/StringBuilder;
20: pop
21: iinc 2, 1
24: goto 10
27: getstatic #12 // Field java/lang/System.out:Ljava/io/PrintStream;
30: aload_1
31: invokevirtual #11 // Method java/lang/StringBuilder.toString:()Ljava/lang/String;
34: invokevirtual #13 // Method java/io/PrintStream.println:(Ljava/lang/String;)V
37: return
LineNumberTable:
line 19: 0
line 20: 8
line 21: 15
line 20: 21
line 23: 27
line 24: 37
StackMapTable: number_of_entries = 2
frame_type = 253 /* append */
offset_delta = 10
locals = [ class java/lang/StringBuilder, int ]
frame_type = 250 /* chop */
offset_delta = 16
}
SourceFile: "Test4.java"
可以看到,m1()方法中的循环体内,每一次循环都会创建StringBuilder对象,效率低于m2()方法。
小结
使用字节码的方式可以很好查看代码底层的执行,从而可以看出哪些实现效率高,哪些实现效率低。可以更好的对我们的代码做优化。让程序执行效率更高。