云原生网关 APISIX 的核心流程以源码分析的方式剖析其工作原理

$ tree -L 2
.
├── apisix
│   ├── admin # Admin API
│   ├── api_router.lua
│   ├── balancer # 负载均衡器
│   ├── balancer.lua
│   ├── cli # CLI, Lua 脚本
│   ├── constants.lua # 常量
│   ├── consumer.lua
│   ├── control
│   ├── core # 主要是封装的公共方法
│   ├── core.lua
│   ├── debug.lua
│   ├── discovery # 服务发现, 支持 consul, eruka, dns
│   ├── http
│   ├── init.lua # _by_lua 函数入口
│   ├── patch.lua
│   ├── plugin_config.lua
│   ├── plugin.lua # 插件
│   ├── plugins
│   ├── router.lua # Router
│   ├── schema_def.lua # jsonschema 定义
│   ├── script.lua
│   ├── ssl
│   ├── ssl.lua
│   ├── stream
│   ├── timers.lua # timer 封装
│   ├── upstream.lua
│   └── utils
├── bin
│   └── apisix # apisix CLI, shell 脚本
├── ci # CI 脚本
├── conf # 默认配置文件
├── deps
├── docs
├── Makefile # 快捷指令
├── rockspec # luarocks 包管理
├── t # Test::Nginx 测试
└── utils # Shell 脚本

# 查找 APISIX LUA 包路径
# shell -s 判断文件是否存在且 size > 0
# ref: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53319817/what-is-the-meaning-of-n-z-x-l-d-etc-in-shell-script
if [ -s './apisix/cli/apisix.lua' ]; then
  ...
fi
# shell -e 判断文件是否存在
if [[ -e $OR_EXEC && "$OR_VER" =~ "1.19" ]]; then
    # use the luajit of openresty
    echo "$LUAJIT_BIN $APISIX_LUA $*"
    exec $LUAJIT_BIN $APISIX_LUA $*
elif [[ "$LUA_VERSION" =~ "Lua 5.1" ]]; then
    # OpenResty version is not 1.19, use Lua 5.1 by default
    # shell &* 传递所有 args
    # ref: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4824590/propagate-all-arguments-in-a-bash-shell-script
    echo "lua $APISIX_LUA $*"
    exec lua $APISIX_LUA $*
fi

local ffi         = require("ffi")
local C           = ffi.C
-- ref: https://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstring/memcmp/
-- ref: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/c_standard_library/c_function_memcmp.htm
ffi.cdef[[
    int memcmp(const void *s1, const void *s2, size_t n);
]]

-- 用 ffi 扩展 string 方法
function _M.has_prefix(s, prefix)
    if type(s) ~= "string" or type(prefix) ~= "string" then
        error("unexpected type: s:" .. type(s) .. ", prefix:" .. type(prefix))
    end
    if #s < #prefix then
        return false
    end
    -- 比较 s, prefix 内存地址的前 n (#prefix) 长度是否相同
    local rc = C.memcmp(s, prefix, #prefix)
    return rc == 0
end

C.memcmp(ffi_cast("char *", s) + #s - #suffix, suffix, #suffix)

-- 自行构建 index 插入 table, 比 table.insert 效率高
function _M.insert_tail(tab, ...)
    local idx = #tab
    -- 遍历输入的参数
    for i = 1, select('#', ...) do
        idx = idx + 1
        tab[idx] = select(i, ...)
    end
    return idx
end

function _M.try_read_attr(tab, ...)
    for i = 1, select('#', ...) do
        local attr = select(i, ...)
        if type(tab) ~= "table" then
            return nil
        end
        tab = tab[attr]
    end
    return tab
end

    local size = core_tab.try_read_attr(local_conf, "graphql", "max_size")
    if size then
        max_size = size
    end

local delay_tab = setmetatable({data = "", force = false}, {
    __tostring = function(self)
        local res, err = encode(self.data, self.force)
        if not res then
            ngx.log(ngx.WARN, "failed to encode: ", err,
                    " force: ", self.force)
        end
        return res
    end
})
-- this is a non-thread safe implementation
-- it works well with log, eg: log.info(..., json.delay_encode({...}))
function _M.delay_encode(data, force)
    delay_tab.data = data
    delay_tab.force = force
    return delay_tab
end

function _M.get(self, key)
    local hasht = self.hasht
    local val = hasht[key]
    if val == nil then
        return nil
    end
    local node = self.key2node[key]
    -- print(key, ": moving node ", tostring(node), " to cache queue head")
    local cache_queue = self.cache_queue
    queue_remove(node)
    queue_insert_head(cache_queue, node)
    if node.expire >= 0 and node.expire < ngx_now() then
        -- print("expired: ", node.expire, " > ", ngx_now())
        return nil, val, node.user_flags
    end
    return val, nil, node.user_flags
end

local function fetch_valid_cache(lru_obj, invalid_stale, item_ttl,
                                 item_release, key, version)
    local obj, stale_obj = lru_obj:get(key)
    if obj and obj.ver == version then
        return obj
    end
    -- 如果 TTL 到期的数据版本号仍一致, 重新 set 该缓存
    if not invalid_stale and stale_obj and stale_obj.ver == version then
        lru_obj:set(key, stale_obj, item_ttl)
        return stale_obj
    end
    -- release 回调
    if item_release and obj then
        item_release(obj.val)
    end
    return nil
end
-- 返回创建 LRU 的匿名函数
local function new_lru_fun(opts)
    local item_count, item_ttl
    if opts and opts.type == 'plugin' then
        item_count = opts.count or PLUGIN_ITEMS_COUNT
        item_ttl = opts.ttl or PLUGIN_TTL
    else
        item_count = opts and opts.count or GLOBAL_ITEMS_COUNT
        item_ttl = opts and opts.ttl or GLOBAL_TTL
    end
    local item_release = opts and opts.release
    local invalid_stale = opts and opts.invalid_stale
    -- 是否使用并发锁
    local serial_creating = opts and opts.serial_creating
    -- 参数为 LRU size
    local lru_obj = lru_new(item_count)
    return function (key, version, create_obj_fun, ...)
        -- 不支持的 yielding 的 Nginx phase 无法使用 resty.lock
        if not serial_creating or not can_yield_phases[get_phase()] then
            local cache_obj = fetch_valid_cache(lru_obj, invalid_stale,
                                item_ttl, item_release, key, version)
            if cache_obj then
                return cache_obj.val
            end
            local obj, err = create_obj_fun(...)
            if obj ~= nil then
                lru_obj:set(key, {val = obj, ver = version}, item_ttl)
            end
            return obj, err
        end
        local cache_obj = fetch_valid_cache(lru_obj, invalid_stale, item_ttl,
                            item_release, key, version)
        if cache_obj then
            return cache_obj.val
        end
        -- 当缓存失效时获取锁
        -- 创建共享内存 lock
        local lock, err = resty_lock:new(lock_shdict_name)
        if not lock then
            return nil, "failed to create lock: " .. err
        end
        local key_s = tostring(key)
        log.info("try to lock with key ", key_s)
        -- 获取 lock
        local elapsed, err = lock:lock(key_s)
        if not elapsed then
            return nil, "failed to acquire the lock: " .. err
        end
        -- 再次获取缓存
        cache_obj = fetch_valid_cache(lru_obj, invalid_stale, item_ttl,
                        nil, key, version)
        if cache_obj then
            lock:unlock()
            log.info("unlock with key ", key_s)
            return cache_obj.val
        end
        local obj, err = create_obj_fun(...)
        if obj ~= nil then
            lru_obj:set(key, {val = obj, ver = version}, item_ttl)
        end
        lock:unlock()
        log.info("unlock with key ", key_s)
        return obj, err
    end
end

-- worker 默认后台运行的 timer, 执行各种后台任务 
local function background_timer()
    if core.table.nkeys(timers) == 0 then
        return
    end
    local threads = {}
    for name, timer in pairs(timers) do
        core.log.info("run timer[", name, "]")
        -- 开启协程执行
        local th, err = thread_spawn(timer)
        if not th then
            core.log.error("failed to spawn thread for timer [", name, "]: ", err)
            goto continue
        end
        core.table.insert(threads, th)
::continue::
    end
    local ok, err = thread_wait(unpack(threads))
    if not ok then
        core.log.error("failed to wait threads: ", err)
    end
end
function _M.init_worker()
    local opts = {
        each_ttl = 0,
        sleep_succ = 0,
        check_interval = check_interval, -- 默认间隔为 1 秒
    }
    local timer, err = core.timer.new("background", background_timer, opts)
    if not timer then
        core.log.error("failed to create background timer: ", err)
        return
    end
    core.log.notice("succeed to create background timer")
end

function _M.set_vars_meta(ctx)
    -- 从 table 池中获取/创建一个 hash 长度为 32 的 table
    local var = tablepool.fetch("ctx_var", 0, 32)
    if not var._cache then
        var._cache = {}
    end
    -- 通过 resty.core.base 获取原始 request C 指针 (?)
    -- ref: https://github.com/openresty/lua-resty-core/blob/master/lib/resty/core/base.lua
    var._request = get_request()
    -- 绑定元表
    setmetatable(var, mt)
    -- 缓存到 ngx ctx 中
    ctx.var = var
end

do
    -- 获取特殊 var 类型的方法
    local var_methods = {
        method = ngx.req.get_method,
        -- ref: https://github.com/cloudflare/lua-resty-cookie
        cookie = function () return ck:new() end
    }
    local ngx_var_names = {
        upstream_scheme            = true,
        upstream_host              = true,
        ...
        var_x_forwarded_proto = true,
    }
    local mt = {
        -- 重载 hash 元方法
        -- t 是 self
        __index = function(t, key)
            -- 若 cache table 存在直接返回
            local cached = t._cache[key]
            if cached ~= nil then
                return cached
            end
            if type(key) ~= "string" then
                error("invalid argument, expect string value", 2)
            end
            local val
            -- 如果是特殊类型, 使用特定方法获取
            local method = var_methods[key]
            if method then
                val = method()
            elseif core_str.has_prefix(key, "cookie_") then
                -- 通过 var_methods 访问到 resty.cookie
                local cookie = t.cookie
                if cookie then
                    local err
                    val, err = cookie:get(sub_str(key, 8))
                    if not val then
                        log.warn("failed to fetch cookie value by key: ",
                                 key, " error: ", err)
                    end
                end
            elseif core_str.has_prefix(key, "http_") then
                key = key:lower()
                key = re_gsub(key, "-", "_", "jo")
                -- 最终通过 ngx.var 获取
                val = get_var(key, t._request)
            elseif core_str.has_prefix(key, "graphql_") then
                -- trim the "graphql_" prefix
                key = sub_str(key, 9)
                val = get_parsed_graphql(t)[key]
            elseif key == "route_id" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.route_id
            elseif key == "service_id" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.service_id
            elseif key == "consumer_name" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.consumer_name
            elseif key == "route_name" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.route_name
            elseif key == "service_name" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.service_name
            elseif key == "balancer_ip" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.balancer_ip
            elseif key == "balancer_port" then
                val = ngx.ctx.api_ctx and ngx.ctx.api_ctx.balancer_port
            else
                val = get_var(key, t._request)
            end
            if val ~= nil then
                t._cache[key] = val
            end
            -- 为空返回 nil
            return val
        end,
        __newindex = function(t, key, val)
            if ngx_var_names[key] then
                ngx_var[key] = val
            end
            -- log.info("key: ", key, " new val: ", val)
            t._cache[key] = val
        end,
    }

-- 用 ngx.ctx table 缓存 headers, 避免再进行一次 ffi 调用
local function _headers(ctx)
    if not ctx then
        ctx = ngx.ctx.api_ctx
    end
    local headers = ctx.headers
    if not headers then
        headers = get_headers()
        ctx.headers = headers
    end
    return headers
end

-- 初始化 etcd
function _M.init()
    local local_conf, err = config_local.local_conf()
    if not local_conf then
        return nil, err
    end
    if table.try_read_attr(local_conf, "apisix", "disable_sync_configuration_during_start") then
        return true
    end
    -- 获取 etcd cli
    local etcd_cli, err = get_etcd()
    if not etcd_cli then
        return nil, "failed to start a etcd instance: " .. err
    end
    local etcd_conf = local_conf.etcd
    local prefix = etcd_conf.prefix
    -- 加载 etcd 所有数据到 lua table 中, 单例模式
    local res, err = readdir(etcd_cli, prefix, create_formatter(prefix))
    if not res then
        return nil, err
    end
    return true
end

-- 创建格式化 formatter
local function create_formatter(prefix)
    -- 返回闭包函数, 对 etcd 返回的结果进行格式化
    -- 格式个毛, 这就是个 hook 函数
    return function (res)
        res.body.nodes = {}
        local dirs
        if is_http then
            dirs = constants.HTTP_ETCD_DIRECTORY
        else
            dirs = constants.STREAM_ETCD_DIRECTORY
        end
        local curr_dir_data
        local curr_key
        for _, item in ipairs(res.body.kvs) do
            if curr_dir_data then
                -- 将匹配的内容插入 table
                if core_str.has_prefix(item.key, curr_key) then
                    table.insert(curr_dir_data, etcd_apisix.kvs_to_node(item))
                    goto CONTINUE
                end
                curr_dir_data = nil
            end
            -- 截取 prefix 后的 key
            local key = sub_str(item.key, #prefix + 1)
            if dirs[key] then
                -- single item
                loaded_configuration[key] = {
                    body = etcd_apisix.kvs_to_node(item),
                    headers = res.headers,
                }
            else
                -- 前缀一致
                local key = sub_str(item.key, #prefix + 1, #item.key - 1) -- 去掉末尾的 /
                -- ensure the same key hasn't been handled as single item
                if dirs[key] and not loaded_configuration[key] then
                    loaded_configuration[key] = {
                        body = {
                            nodes = {},
                        },
                        headers = res.headers,
                    }
                    curr_dir_data = loaded_configuration[key].body.nodes
                    curr_key = item.key
                end
            end
            ::CONTINUE::
        end
        return res
    end
end

local function load_full_data(self, dir_res, headers)
    local err
    local changed = false
    if self.single_item then
        -- table size 为 1
        ...
        -- 执行逻辑与下面数组格式类似
    else
        if not dir_res.nodes then
            dir_res.nodes = {}
        end
        self.values = new_tab(#dir_res.nodes, 0)
        self.values_hash = new_tab(0, #dir_res.nodes)
        for _, item in ipairs(dir_res.nodes) do
            local key = short_key(self, item.key)
            local data_valid = true
            -- 数据格式校验...
            -- schema 校验...
            -- 过滤器...
            if data_valid then
                changed = true
                insert_tab(self.values, item)
                self.values_hash[key] = #self.values
                item.value.id = key
                item.clean_handlers = {}
                -- 执行回调
                if self.filter then
                    self.filter(item)
                end
            end
      -- 更新 mvcc 版本
            self:upgrade_version(item.modifiedIndex)
        end
    end
  ...
    self.need_reload = false
end

-- 定时器自动同步 etcd 数据
local function _automatic_fetch(premature, self)
    if premature then
        return
    end
    local i = 0
    while not exiting() and self.running and i <= 32 do
        i = i + 1
        local ok, err = xpcall(function()
            if not self.etcd_cli then
                local etcd_cli, err = get_etcd()
                if not etcd_cli then
                    error("failed to create etcd instance for key ["
                          .. self.key .. "]: " .. (err or "unknown"))
                end
                self.etcd_cli = etcd_cli
            end
            -- 同步数据
            local ok, err = sync_data(self)
            if err then
                if err ~= "timeout" and err ~= "Key not found"
                    and self.last_err ~= err then
                    log.error("failed to fetch data from etcd: ", err, ", ",
                              tostring(self))
                end
                if err ~= self.last_err then
                    self.last_err = err
                    self.last_err_time = ngx_time()
                else
                    if ngx_time() - self.last_err_time >= 30 then
                        self.last_err = nil
                    end
                end
                ngx_sleep(self.resync_delay + rand() * 0.5 * self.resync_delay)
            elseif not ok then
                -- no error. reentry the sync with different state
                ngx_sleep(0.05)
            end
        end, debug.traceback)
        if not ok then
            log.error("failed to fetch data from etcd: ", err, ", ",
                      tostring(self))
            ngx_sleep(self.resync_delay + rand() * 0.5 * self.resync_delay)
            break
        end
    end
    -- 进行下一次循环
    if not exiting() and self.running then
        ngx_timer_at(0, _automatic_fetch, self)
    end
end

-- etcd 配置创建
function _M.new(key, opts)
    local local_conf, err = config_local.local_conf()
    if not local_conf then
        return nil, err
    end
    -- etcd 重新同步事件 5 秒, 与 Kong 重新 poll db 数据一致
    local etcd_conf = local_conf.etcd
    local prefix = etcd_conf.prefix
    local resync_delay = etcd_conf.resync_delay
    if not resync_delay or resync_delay < 0 then
        resync_delay = 5
    end
    local automatic = opts and opts.automatic
    local item_schema = opts and opts.item_schema
    local filter_fun = opts and opts.filter
    local timeout = opts and opts.timeout
    local single_item = opts and opts.single_item
    local checker = opts and opts.checker
    local obj = setmetatable({
        etcd_cli = nil,
        key = key and prefix .. key,
        automatic = automatic,
        item_schema = item_schema,
        checker = checker,
        sync_times = 0,
        running = true,
        conf_version = 0,
        values = nil,
        need_reload = true,
        routes_hash = nil,
        prev_index = 0,
        last_err = nil,
        last_err_time = nil,
        resync_delay = resync_delay,
        timeout = timeout,
        single_item = single_item,
        filter = filter_fun,
    }, mt)
    if automatic then
        -- timer 定时获取数据
        if not key then
            return nil, "missing `key` argument"
        end
        -- 从单例 table 获取 etcd 数据, 进行处理
        if loaded_configuration[key] then
            local res = loaded_configuration[key]
            -- 清空 table
            loaded_configuration[key] = nil -- tried to load
            log.notice("use loaded configuration ", key)
            local dir_res, headers = res.body, res.headers
            -- 加载数据并校验数据, 过滤数据
            load_full_data(obj, dir_res, headers)
        end
        -- 创建定时器自动同步
        ngx_timer_at(0, _automatic_fetch, obj)
    else
        local etcd_cli, err = get_etcd()
        if not etcd_cli then
            return nil, "failed to start a etcd instance: " .. err
        end
        obj.etcd_cli = etcd_cli
    end
    if key then
        created_obj[key] = obj
    end
    return obj
end

-- 初始化 router
function _M.init_worker(filter)
    local user_routes, err = core.config.new("/routes", {
            automatic = true, -- 自动同步
            item_schema = core.schema.route,
            checker = check_route,
            filter = filter,
        })
    if not user_routes then
        error("failed to create etcd instance for fetching /routes : " .. err)
    end
    return user_routes
end

-- attach common methods if the router doesn't provide its custom implementation
local function attach_http_router_common_methods(http_router)
    ...
    if http_router.init_worker == nil then
        http_router.init_worker = function (filter)
            -- 添加路由
            http_router.user_routes = http_route.init_worker(filter)
        end
    end
end
function _M.http_init_worker()
    local conf = core.config.local_conf()
    -- 默认的匹配模式
    local router_http_name = "radixtree_uri"
    local router_ssl_name = "radixtree_sni"
    if conf and conf.apisix and conf.apisix.router then
        router_http_name = conf.apisix.router.http or router_http_name
        router_ssl_name = conf.apisix.router.ssl or router_ssl_name
    end
    -- 创建 router 实例
    local router_http = require("apisix.http.router." .. router_http_name)
    -- 修改 router 的 table
    attach_http_router_common_methods(router_http)
    -- 初始化路由
    -- 调用 apisix.http.route.init_worker 方法
    -- 从 etcd 获取数据并执行回调
    -- filter 为格式化, 解析 upstream
    router_http.init_worker(filter)
    _M.router_http = router_http
    local router_ssl = require("apisix.ssl.router." .. router_ssl_name)
    router_ssl.init_worker()
    _M.router_ssl = router_ssl
    _M.api = require("apisix.api_router")
    ...
end

do
    local uri_routes = {}
    local uri_router
    local match_opts = {}
    function _M.match(api_ctx)
        -- 从 module 的 user_routes 属性获取路由, 在 etcd route 变化时回调添加
        local user_routes = _M.user_routes
        if not cached_version or cached_version ~= user_routes.conf_version then
            uri_router = base_router.create_radixtree_uri_router(user_routes.values,
                                                                uri_routes, false)
            cached_version = user_routes.conf_version
        end
        if not uri_router then
            core.log.error("failed to fetch valid `uri` router: ")
            return true
        end
        return base_router.match_uri(uri_router, match_opts, api_ctx)
    end
end

core.table.insert(uri_routes, {
                ...
                handler = function (api_ctx, match_opts)
                    api_ctx.matched_params = nil
                    api_ctx.matched_route = route
                    api_ctx.curr_req_matched = match_opts.matched
                end
            })

function _M.set_by_route(route, api_ctx)
    ...
    -- 如果 serivce host 是域名, 通过 discovery 发现, dns 解析
    if up_conf.service_name then
        ...
        -- 外部注册中心
        local dis = discovery[up_conf.discovery_type]
        if not dis then
            return 500, "discovery " .. up_conf.discovery_type .. " is uninitialized"
        end
        -- 从注册中心数据源（缓存本地 table）获取 IP
        local new_nodes, err = dis.nodes(up_conf.service_name)
        if not new_nodes then
            return HTTP_CODE_UPSTREAM_UNAVAILABLE, "no valid upstream node: " .. (err or "nil")
        end
        ...
    end
    -- 将 upstream 节点信息存入 ctx
    set_directly(api_ctx, up_conf.type .. "#upstream_" .. tostring(up_conf),
                 api_ctx.conf_version, up_conf)
    local nodes_count = up_conf.nodes and #up_conf.nodes or 0
    if nodes_count == 0 then
        return HTTP_CODE_UPSTREAM_UNAVAILABLE, "no valid upstream node"
    end
  ...
    set_upstream_scheme(api_ctx, up_conf)
    local ok, err = fill_node_info(up_conf, api_ctx.upstream_scheme, false)
    if not ok then
        return 503, err
    end
    ...
    local scheme = up_conf.scheme
    if (scheme == "https" or scheme == "grpcs") and up_conf.tls then
        ...
    end
    return
end

-- set_balancer_opts will be called in balancer phase and before any tries
local function set_balancer_opts(route, ctx)
    local up_conf = ctx.upstream_conf
    -- If the matched route has timeout config, prefer to use the route config.
    local timeout = nil
    if route and route.value and route.value.timeout then
        timeout = route.value.timeout
    else
        if up_conf.timeout then
            timeout = up_conf.timeout
        end
    end
    -- 设置 Nginx 请求超时时间
    if timeout then
        local ok, err = set_timeouts(timeout.connect, timeout.send,
                                     timeout.read)
        if not ok then
            core.log.error("could not set upstream timeouts: ", err)
        end
    end
    local retries = up_conf.retries
    if not retries or retries < 0 then
        retries = #up_conf.nodes - 1
    end
    -- 设置 Nginx 失败重试次数
    if retries > 0 then
        local ok, err = set_more_tries(retries)
        ...
    end
end

local init_plugins_syncer
do
    local plugins_conf
    function init_plugins_syncer()
        local err
        -- 储存插件的配置信息, 一条 kv
        plugins_conf, err = core.config.new("/plugins", {
            automatic = true, -- 后台创建 timer watch etcd 自动同步配置
            item_schema = core.schema.plugins,
            single_item = true,
            -- filter 方法中访问到 etcd kv 的 item, 这里进行插件加载的回调
            -- 每次 etcd 插件配置变动, 自动同步
            filter = function(item)
                -- we need to pass 'item' instead of plugins_conf because
                -- the latter one is nil at the first run
                _M.load(item)
            end,
        })
        if not plugins_conf then
            error("failed to create etcd instance for fetching /plugins : " .. err)
        end
    end
end

-- 加载插件
local function load(plugin_names)
    local processed = {}
    for _, name in ipairs(plugin_names) do
        if processed[name] == nil then
            processed[name] = true
        end
    end
    core.log.warn("new plugins: ", core.json.delay_encode(processed))
    -- 移除已经存在的 module
    for name in pairs(local_plugins_hash) do
        unload_plugin(name)
    end
    core.table.clear(local_plugins)
    core.table.clear(local_plugins_hash)
    -- 加载插件
    for name in pairs(processed) do
        load_plugin(name, local_plugins)
    end
    -- 插件排序, priority 越高的插件越先执行, 与 Kong 同样
    -- sort by plugin's priority
    if #local_plugins > 1 then
        sort_tab(local_plugins, sort_plugin)
    end
    -- 打印调试日志
    for i, plugin in ipairs(local_plugins) do
        ...
    end
    return true
end

-- 插件配置绑定
function _M.filter(user_route, plugins)
    ...
    plugins = plugins or core.tablepool.fetch("plugins", 32, 0)
    for _, plugin_obj in ipairs(local_plugins) do
        local name = plugin_obj.name
        local plugin_conf = user_plugin_conf[name]
        -- 插件和插件配置存入
        if type(plugin_conf) == "table" and not plugin_conf.disable then
            core.table.insert(plugins, plugin_obj)
            core.table.insert(plugins, plugin_conf)
        end
    end
    trace_plugins_info_for_debug(plugins)
    return plugins
end

        -- 插件过滤, 遍历插件列表, 匹配开启的插件, O(n)
        local plugins = plugin.filter(route)
        api_ctx.plugins = plugins
        -- fake 执行 rewrite 阶段
        plugin.run_plugin("rewrite", plugins, api_ctx)
        if api_ctx.consumer then
            local changed
            route, changed = plugin.merge_consumer_route(
                route,
                api_ctx.consumer,
                api_ctx
            )
            core.log.info("find consumer ", api_ctx.consumer.username,
                          ", config changed: ", changed)
            if changed then
                core.table.clear(api_ctx.plugins)
                api_ctx.plugins = plugin.filter(route, api_ctx.plugins)
            end
        end
        -- 执行 access 阶段
        plugin.run_plugin("access", plugins, api_ctx)

function _M.http_init(args)
    require("resty.core")
    if require("ffi").os == "Linux" then
        require("ngx.re").opt("jit_stack_size", 200 * 1024)
    end
    require("jit.opt").start("minstitch=2", "maxtrace=4000",
                             "maxrecord=8000", "sizemcode=64",
                             "maxmcode=4000", "maxirconst=1000")
    core.resolver.init_resolver(args)
    -- 生成节点 ID
    core.id.init()
    -- 启用 openresty 的特权进程
    local process = require("ngx.process")
    local ok, err = process.enable_privileged_agent()
    if not ok then
        core.log.error("failed to enable privileged_agent: ", err)
    end
    -- 从 etcd / yaml 本地配置文件获取配置, etcd 有 init 函数
    if core.config.init then
        local ok, err = core.config.init()
        if not ok then
            core.log.error("failed to load the configuration: ", err)
        end
    end
end

function _M.http_init_worker()
    local seed, err = core.utils.get_seed_from_urandom()
    if not seed then
        core.log.warn('failed to get seed from urandom: ', err)
        seed = ngx_now() * 1000 + ngx.worker.pid()
    end
    math.randomseed(seed)
    -- for testing only
    core.log.info("random test in [1, 10000]: ", math.random(1, 10000))
    -- 进程间事件通信
    local we = require("resty.worker.events")
    local ok, err = we.configure({shm = "worker-events", interval = 0.1})
    if not ok then
        error("failed to init worker event: " .. err)
    end
    -- 服务发现 lib
    local discovery = require("apisix.discovery.init").discovery
    -- 默认没有开启服务发现
    if discovery and discovery.init_worker then
        discovery.init_worker()
    end
    -- 初始化负载均衡器, 方法为空
    require("apisix.balancer").init_worker()
    -- 负载均衡器
    load_balancer = require("apisix.balancer")
    -- TODO admin 流程分析
    require("apisix.admin.init").init_worker()
    -- 注册全局 timer
    require("apisix.timers").init_worker()
    -- 加载所有插件并执行插件 init
    plugin.init_worker()
    -- 初始化 router, 并加载 routes
    router.http_init_worker()
    -- 初始化 services, 加载 services
    require("apisix.http.service").init_worker()
    -- 加载插件配置
    plugin_config.init_worker()
    -- consumer 加载
    require("apisix.consumer").init_worker()
    if core.config == require("apisix.core.config_yaml") then
        core.config.init_worker()
    end
    require("apisix.debug").init_worker()
    -- upstreams 加载
    apisix_upstream.init_worker()
    require("apisix.plugins.ext-plugin.init").init_worker()
    local_conf = core.config.local_conf()
    if local_conf.apisix and local_conf.apisix.enable_server_tokens == false then
        ver_header = "APISIX"
    end
end

-- access_by_lua 阶段, apisix 没有 rewrite_by_lua
-- ref: https://github.com/apache/apisix/issues/1120
-- ref: https://github.com/apache/apisix/issues/1120#issuecomment-584949073
function _M.http_access_phase()
    local ngx_ctx = ngx.ctx
  ...
    -- 从 table 缓存池中获取 table
    -- always fetch table from the table pool, we don't need a reused api_ctx
    local api_ctx = core.tablepool.fetch("api_ctx", 0, 32)
    -- 将 table 储存在 ngx.ctx 中, 下一个阶段共享
    ngx_ctx.api_ctx = api_ctx
    -- 绑定 metatable 
    core.ctx.set_vars_meta(api_ctx)
  ...
    -- router 路由匹配
    router.router_http.match(api_ctx)
    -- run global rule
    plugin.run_global_rules(api_ctx, router.global_rules, nil)
    ...
    local enable_websocket = route.value.enable_websocket
    -- route 插件配置绑定
    if route.value.plugin_config_id then
        ...
        route = plugin_config.merge(route, conf)
    end
    -- 获取对应的 service
    if route.value.service_id then
        local service = service_fetch(route.value.service_id)
        ...
        if enable_websocket == nil then
            enable_websocket = service.value.enable_websocket
        end
    else
        ...
    end
    api_ctx.route_id = route.value.id
    api_ctx.route_name = route.value.name
    -- 执行 script
    if route.value.script then
        script.load(route, api_ctx)
        script.run("access", api_ctx)
    else
        -- 插件过滤, 遍历插件列表, 匹配开启的插件, O(n)
        local plugins = plugin.filter(route)
        api_ctx.plugins = plugins
        -- fake 执行 rewrite 阶段
        plugin.run_plugin("rewrite", plugins, api_ctx)
        if api_ctx.consumer then
            local changed
            route, changed = plugin.merge_consumer_route(
                route,
                api_ctx.consumer,
                api_ctx
            )
            core.log.info("find consumer ", api_ctx.consumer.username,
                          ", config changed: ", changed)
            if changed then
                core.table.clear(api_ctx.plugins)
                api_ctx.plugins = plugin.filter(route, api_ctx.plugins)
            end
        end
        -- 执行 access 阶段
        plugin.run_plugin("access", plugins, api_ctx)
    end
    local up_id = route.value.upstream_id
    -- used for the traffic-split plugin
    if api_ctx.upstream_id then
        up_id = api_ctx.upstream_id
    end
  ...
    -- websocket 特殊处理
    if enable_websocket then
        api_ctx.var.upstream_upgrade    = api_ctx.var.http_upgrade
        api_ctx.var.upstream_connection = api_ctx.var.http_connection
        core.log.info("enabled websocket for route: ", route.value.id)
    end
    if route.value.service_protocol == "grpc" then
        api_ctx.upstream_scheme = "grpc"
    end
    -- 获取 upstream 节点
    local code, err = set_upstream(route, api_ctx)
    if code then
        core.log.error("failed to set upstream: ", err)
        core.response.exit(code)
    end
    -- 负载均衡
    local server, err = load_balancer.pick_server(route, api_ctx)
    if not server then
        core.log.error("failed to pick server: ", err)
        return core.response.exit(502)
    end
    api_ctx.picked_server = server
    set_upstream_headers(api_ctx, server)
    -- stash ngx ctx 这部分与 Kong 一致, 怀疑是抄来的（95% 置信区间）
    ngx_var.ctx_ref = ctxdump.stash_ngx_ctx()
    local up_scheme = api_ctx.upstream_scheme
    if up_scheme == "grpcs" or up_scheme == "grpc" then
        return ngx.exec("@grpc_pass")
    end
    if api_ctx.dubbo_proxy_enabled then
        return ngx.exec("@dubbo_pass")
    end
end