1、Api基本介绍
API 网关出现的原因是微服务架构的出现,不同的微服务一般会有不同的网络地址,而外部客户端可能需要调用多个服务的接口才能完成一个业务需求,如果让客户端直接与各个微服务通信,会有以下的问题:
(1)客户端会多次请求不同的微服务,增加了客户端的复杂性。
(2)存在跨域请求,在一定场景下处理相对复杂。
(3)认证复杂,每个服务都需要独立认证。
(4)难以重构,随着项目的迭代,可能需要重新划分微服务。例如,可能将多个服务合并成一个或者将一个服务拆分成多个。如果客户端直接与微服务通信,那么重构将会很难实施。
(5)某些微服务可能使用了防火墙 / 浏览器不友好的协议,直接访问会有一定的困难。
以上这些问题可以借助 API 网关解决。API 网关是介于客户端和服务器端之间的中间层,所有的外部请求都会先经过 API 网关这一层。也就是说,API 的实现方面更多的考虑业务逻辑,而安全、性能、监控可以交由 API 网关来做,这样既提高业务灵活性又不缺安全性
2、Spring Cloud Gateway
Spring cloud gateway是spring官方基于Spring 5.0、Spring Boot2.0和Project Reactor等技术开发的
网关,Spring Cloud Gateway旨在为微服务架构提供简单、有效和统一的API路由管理方式,Spring
Cloud Gateway作为Spring Cloud生态系统中的网关,目标是替代Netflix Zuul,其不仅提供统一的路由方式,并且还基于Filer链的方式提供了网关基本的功能,例如:安全、监控/埋点、限流等。
网关提供API全托管服务,丰富的API管理功能,辅助企业管理大规模的API,以降低管理成本和安全风险,包括协议适配、协议转发、安全策略、防刷、流量、监控日志等贡呢。一般来说网关对外暴露的URL或者接口信息,我们统称为路由信息。如果研发过网关中间件或者使用过Zuul的人,会知道网关的核心是Filter以及Filter Chain(Filter责任链)。Sprig Cloud Gateway也具有路由和Filter的概念。
下面介绍一下Spring Cloud Gateway中几个重要的概念。
(1)路由。路由是网关最基础的部分,路由信息有一个ID、一个目的URL、一组断言和一组Filter组成。如果断言路由为真,则说明请求的URL和配置匹配
(2)断言。Java8中的断言函数。Spring Cloud Gateway中的断言函数输入类型是Spring5.0框架中的ServerWebExchange。Spring Cloud Gateway中的断言函数允许开发者去定义匹配来自于http request中的任何信息,比如请求头和参数等。
(3)过滤器。一个标准的Spring webFilter。Spring cloud gateway中的filter分为两种类型的Filter,分别是Gateway Filter和Global Filter。过滤器Filter将会对请求和响应进行修改处理
如上图所示,Spring cloud Gateway发出请求。然后再由Gateway Handler Mapping中找到与请求相匹配的路由,将其发送到Gateway web handler。Handler再通过指定的过滤器链将请求发送到我们实际的服务执行业务逻辑,然后返回。
3、项目搭建
1、在infrastructure模块下创建api_gateway模块
2、在pom.xml引入依赖
<dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>com.atguigu</groupId> <artifactId>common_utils</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-alibaba-nacos-discovery</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-gateway</artifactId> </dependency> <!--gson--> <dependency> <groupId>com.google.code.gson</groupId> <artifactId>gson</artifactId> </dependency> <!--服务调用--> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId> <artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies>
3、编写application.properties配置文件
# 服务端口 server.port=8222 # 服务名 spring.application.name=service-gateway # nacos服务地址 spring.cloud.nacos.discovery.server-addr=127.0.0.1:8848 #使用服务发现路由 spring.cloud.gateway.discovery.locator.enabled=true #服务路由名小写 #spring.cloud.gateway.discovery.locator.lower-case-service-id=true #设置路由id spring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].id=service-acl #设置路由的uri spring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].uri=lb://service-acl #设置路由断言,代理servicerId为auth-service的/auth/路径 spring.cloud.gateway.routes[0].predicates= Path=/*/acl/** #配置service-edu服务 spring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].id=service-edu spring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].uri=lb://service-edu spring.cloud.gateway.routes[1].predicates= Path=/eduservice/** #配置service-ucenter服务 spring.cloud.gateway.routes[2].id=service-ucenter spring.cloud.gateway.routes[2].uri=lb://service-ucenter spring.cloud.gateway.routes[2].predicates= Path=/ucenterservice/** #配置service-ucenter服务 spring.cloud.gateway.routes[3].id=service-cms spring.cloud.gateway.routes[3].uri=lb://service-cms spring.cloud.gateway.routes[3].predicates= Path=/cmsservice/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[4].id=service-msm spring.cloud.gateway.routes[4].uri=lb://service-msm spring.cloud.gateway.routes[4].predicates= Path=/edumsm/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[5].id=service-order spring.cloud.gateway.routes[5].uri=lb://service-order spring.cloud.gateway.routes[5].predicates= Path=/orderservice/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[6].id=service-order spring.cloud.gateway.routes[6].uri=lb://service-order spring.cloud.gateway.routes[6].predicates= Path=/orderservice/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[7].id=service-oss spring.cloud.gateway.routes[7].uri=lb://service-oss spring.cloud.gateway.routes[7].predicates= Path=/eduoss/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[8].id=service-statistic spring.cloud.gateway.routes[8].uri=lb://service-statistic spring.cloud.gateway.routes[8].predicates= Path=/staservice/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[9].id=service-vod spring.cloud.gateway.routes[9].uri=lb://service-vod spring.cloud.gateway.routes[9].predicates= Path=/eduvod/** spring.cloud.gateway.routes[10].id=service-edu spring.cloud.gateway.routes[10].uri=lb://service-edu spring.cloud.gateway.routes[10].predicates= Path=/eduuser/**
4、编写启动类
@SpringBootApplication public class ApiGatewayApplication { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(ApiGatewayApplication.class, args); } }
5、解决跨域问题
package com.caiweiwei.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.web.cors.CorsConfiguration; import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.CorsWebFilter; import org.springframework.web.cors.reactive.UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource; import org.springframework.web.util.pattern.PathPatternParser; @Configuration public class CorsConfig { @Bean public CorsWebFilter corsFilter() { CorsConfiguration config = new CorsConfiguration(); config.addAllowedMethod("*"); config.addAllowedOrigin("*"); config.addAllowedHeader("*"); UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource source = new UrlBasedCorsConfigurationSource(new PathPatternParser()); source.registerCorsConfiguration("/**", config); return new CorsWebFilter(source); } }
需要注意的是,这个与@CrossOrigin不能同时存在
6、全局Filter,统一处理会员登录与外部不允许访问的服务
package com.caiweiwei.filter; import com.google.gson.JsonObject; import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GatewayFilterChain; import org.springframework.cloud.gateway.filter.GlobalFilter; import org.springframework.core.Ordered; import org.springframework.core.io.buffer.DataBuffer; import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpRequest; import org.springframework.http.server.reactive.ServerHttpResponse; import org.springframework.util.AntPathMatcher; import org.springframework.web.server.ServerWebExchange; import reactor.core.publisher.Mono; import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets; import java.util.List; public class AuthGlobalFilter implements GlobalFilter, Ordered { private AntPathMatcher antPathMatcher = new AntPathMatcher(); @Override public Mono<Void> filter(ServerWebExchange exchange, GatewayFilterChain chain) { ServerHttpRequest request = exchange.getRequest(); String path = request.getURI().getPath(); //谷粒学院api接口,校验用户必须登录 if (antPathMatcher.match("/api/**/auth/**", path)) { List<String> tokenList = request.getHeaders().get("token"); if (null == tokenList) { ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse(); return out(response); } else { // Boolean isCheck = JwtUtils.checkToken(tokenList.get(0)); // if(!isCheck) { ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse(); return out(response); // } } } //内部服务接口,不允许外部访问 if (antPathMatcher.match("/**/inner/**", path)) { ServerHttpResponse response = exchange.getResponse(); return out(response); } return chain.filter(exchange); } @Override public int getOrder() { return 0; } private Mono<Void> out(ServerHttpResponse response) { JsonObject message = new JsonObject(); message.addProperty("success", false); message.addProperty("code", 28004); message.addProperty("data", "鉴权失败"); byte[] bits = message.toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8); DataBuffer buffer = response.bufferFactory().wrap(bits); //response.setStatusCode(HttpStatus.UNAUTHORIZED); //指定编码,否则在浏览器中会中文乱码 response.getHeaders().add("Content-Type", "application/json;charset=UTF-8"); return response.writeWith(Mono.just(buffer)); } }
7、自定义异常处理
服务网关调用服务时可能会有一些异常或服务不可用,它返回错误信息不友好,需要我们覆盖处理
ErrorHandlerConfig:
package com.caiweiwei.handler; import org.springframework.beans.factory.ObjectProvider; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ResourceProperties; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ServerProperties; import org.springframework.boot.context.properties.EnableConfigurationProperties; import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes; import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorWebExceptionHandler; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.core.Ordered; import org.springframework.core.annotation.Order; import org.springframework.http.codec.ServerCodecConfigurer; import org.springframework.web.reactive.result.view.ViewResolver; import java.util.Collections; import java.util.List; /** * 覆盖默认的异常处理 * */ @Configuration @EnableConfigurationProperties({ServerProperties.class, ResourceProperties.class}) public class ErrorHandlerConfig { private final ServerProperties serverProperties; private final ApplicationContext applicationContext; private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties; private final List<ViewResolver> viewResolvers; private final ServerCodecConfigurer serverCodecConfigurer; public ErrorHandlerConfig(ServerProperties serverProperties, ResourceProperties resourceProperties, ObjectProvider<List<ViewResolver>> viewResolversProvider, ServerCodecConfigurer serverCodecConfigurer, ApplicationContext applicationContext) { this.serverProperties = serverProperties; this.applicationContext = applicationContext; this.resourceProperties = resourceProperties; this.viewResolvers = viewResolversProvider.getIfAvailable(Collections::emptyList); this.serverCodecConfigurer = serverCodecConfigurer; } @Bean @Order(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE) public ErrorWebExceptionHandler errorWebExceptionHandler(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes) { JsonExceptionHandler exceptionHandler = new JsonExceptionHandler( errorAttributes, this.resourceProperties, this.serverProperties.getError(), this.applicationContext); exceptionHandler.setViewResolvers(this.viewResolvers); exceptionHandler.setMessageWriters(this.serverCodecConfigurer.getWriters()); exceptionHandler.setMessageReaders(this.serverCodecConfigurer.getReaders()); return exceptionHandler; } }
JsonExceptionHandler:
package com.caiweiwei.handler; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ErrorProperties; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.ResourceProperties; import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.reactive.error.DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler; import org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.error.ErrorAttributes; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.web.reactive.function.server.*; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; public class JsonExceptionHandler extends DefaultErrorWebExceptionHandler { public JsonExceptionHandler(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes, ResourceProperties resourceProperties, ErrorProperties errorProperties, ApplicationContext applicationContext) { super(errorAttributes, resourceProperties, errorProperties, applicationContext); } /** * 获取异常属性 */ @Override protected Map<String, Object> getErrorAttributes(ServerRequest request, boolean includeStackTrace) { Map<String, Object> map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("success", false); map.put("code", 20005); map.put("message", "网关失败"); map.put("data", null); return map; } /** * 指定响应处理方法为JSON处理的方法 * * @param errorAttributes */ @Override protected RouterFunction<ServerResponse> getRoutingFunction(ErrorAttributes errorAttributes) { return RouterFunctions.route(RequestPredicates.all(), this::renderErrorResponse); } /** * 根据code获取对应的HttpStatus * * @param errorAttributes */ @Override protected int getHttpStatus(Map<String, Object> errorAttributes) { return 200; } }