神器 celery 源码解析 - 7-阿里云开发者社区

大家好，我是肖恩，源码解析每周见

Celery是一款非常简单、灵活、可靠的分布式系统，可用于处理大量消息，并且提供了一整套操作此系统的工具。Celery 也是一款消息队列工具，可用于处理实时数据以及任务调度。

本文是是celery源码解析的第七篇，在前六篇里分别介绍了:

本章我们从celery的蓝图学习celery的实现细节。

蓝图设计

celery的蓝图，官方的解释是 A directed acyclic graph of reusable components ，翻译过来就是 可重用组件的有向无环图 。有WorkController(也叫worker)和Consumer两个蓝图，每个蓝图又由一些step组成，这些step根据依赖关系(requires)组成下面的树结构:

WorkController(Blueprint)
    |-  StateDB
    |-  Timer
            |- Hub
                |- Pool
                    |- WorkerComponent(Autoscaler)
    |-  Beat
    |-  Consumer(Blueprint)
            |- Connection
                |- Agent
                |- Events
                    |- Mingle
                        |- Gossip
                        |- Tasks
                            |- Control
                    |- Heart
        |- Evloop
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其中Consumer是WorkController的一个step，这个step又启动了一个Consumer的蓝图，形成一个蓝图嵌蓝图的结构。蓝图这个词，可以理解为celery启动的时候需要一些步骤，这些步骤是有依赖顺序的，同级的步骤构成一个蓝图。

Worker蓝图包括{StateDB, Timer, Hub, Pool, Autoscaler, Beat, Consumer}七个步骤，一般情况下仅仅启动了其中的三个Hub， Pool， Consumer：

[2021-11-24 15:53:12,984: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Worker: Preparing bootsteps.
[2021-11-24 15:53:12,988: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Worker: Building graph...
[2021-11-24 15:53:12,988: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Worker: New boot order: {StateDB, Timer, Hub, Pool, Autoscaler, Beat, Consumer}
...
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,062: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Worker: Starting Hub
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,062: DEBUG/MainProcess] ^-- substep ok
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,062: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Worker: Starting Pool
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,410: DEBUG/MainProcess] ^-- substep ok
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,411: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Worker: Starting Consumer
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这七个蓝图的顺序和配置的顺序是有差异的:

default_steps = {
    'celery.worker.components:Hub',
    'celery.worker.components:Pool',
    'celery.worker.components:Beat',
    'celery.worker.components:Timer',
    'celery.worker.components:StateDB',
    'celery.worker.components:Consumer',
    'celery.worker.autoscale:WorkerComponent',
}
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Consumer蓝图包括{Connection, Events, Mingle, Tasks, Control, Gossip, Agent, Heart, event loop}十个步骤，一般情况下除了Agent, 其它都会启动。

[2021-11-24 15:53:13,005: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Consumer: Preparing bootsteps.
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,005: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Consumer: Building graph...
[2021-11-24 15:53:13,038: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Consumer: New boot order: {Connection, Events, Mingle, Tasks, Control, Gossip, Agent, Heart, event loop}
...
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Blueprint主要有2个实现函数：apply 创建各个step，start 启动各个step:

def apply(self, parent, **kwargs):
    # 创建step
    self._debug('Preparing bootsteps.')
    order = self.order = []
    steps = self.steps = self.claim_steps()
    self._debug('Building graph...')
    for S in self._finalize_steps(steps):
        step = S(parent, **kwargs)
        steps[step.name] = step
        order.append(step)
    self._debug('New boot order: {%s}',
                ', '.join(s.alias for s in self.order))
    for step in order:
        # 隐式的创建step
        step.include(parent)
    return self
def start(self, parent):
    # 启动蓝图
    ...
    for i, step in enumerate(s for s in parent.steps if s is not None):
        self._debug('Starting %s', step.alias)
        self.started = i + 1
        step.start(parent)
        logger.debug('^-- substep ok')
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Step和子类StartStopStep使用enbled属性，决定step步骤的是否启用:

enabled = True
def include_if(self, parent):
    return self.enabled
def _should_include(self, parent):
    if self.include_if(parent):
        return True, self.create(parent)
    return False, None
def include(self, parent):
    inc, ret = self._should_include(parent)
    if inc:
        self.obj = ret
        parent.steps.append(self)
    return inc
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比如默认情况下StateDB会根据参数关闭:

@click.option('-S',
              '--statedb',
              cls=CeleryOption,
              type=click.Path(),
              callback=lambda ctx, _, value: value or ctx.obj.app.conf.worker_state_db,
              help_group="Worker Options",
              help="Path to the state database. The extension '.db' may be "
                   "appended to the filename.")
    ...
class StateDB(bootsteps.Step):
    """Bootstep that sets up between-restart state database file."""
    def __init__(self, w, **kwargs):
        self.enabled = w.statedb
        ...
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Step类还有requires和last两个属性，blueprint可以根据这两个属性建立所有步骤的先后顺序:

def _find_last(self):
    # 查找steps的尾
    return next((C for C in self.steps.values() if C.last), None)
def _firstpass(self, steps):
    # 查找依赖关系
    for step in steps.values():
        step.requires = [symbol_by_name(dep) for dep in step.requires]
    stream = deque(step.requires for step in steps.values())
    # 广度优先的遍历
    while stream:
        for node in stream.popleft():
            node = symbol_by_name(node)
            if node.name not in self.steps:
                steps[node.name] = node
            stream.append(node.requires)
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Consumer这个特殊的Step是这样嵌套启动Consumer蓝图的:

class Consumer(bootsteps.StartStopStep):
    """Bootstep starting the Consumer blueprint."""
    def create(self, w):
        # consumer_cls就是Consumer蓝图
        c = w.consumer = self.instantiate(
            w.consumer_cls, w.process_task,
            hostname=w.hostname,
            task_events=w.task_events,
            init_callback=w.ready_callback,
            initial_prefetch_count=prefetch_count,
            pool=w.pool,
            timer=w.timer,
            app=w.app,
            controller=w,
            hub=w.hub,
            worker_options=w.options,
            disable_rate_limits=w.disable_rate_limits,
            prefetch_multiplier=w.prefetch_multiplier,
        )
        return c
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celery将启动过程分成多个step，每个step承担不同的功能，不同的step又组合成多个蓝图，这种方式可以灵活的定义启动流程，并且让业务功能解耦，更易维护。下面我们继续学习其中的一些step。

Connection-Step实现AMQP协议连接

Connection-Step主要功能是创建connection连接:

class Connection(bootsteps.StartStopStep):
    """Service managing the consumer broker connection."""
    def __init__(self, c, **kwargs):
        c.connection = None
        super().__init__(c, **kwargs)
    def start(self, c):
        # 创建连接
        c.connection = c.connect()
        info('Connected to %s', c.connection.as_uri())
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Pool-Step实现并发模型

Pool-Step主要功能是启动一个调度池:

# Initialize bootsteps
self.pool_cls = _concurrency.get_implementation(self.pool_cls)
def create(self, w):
    ...
    # 启动concurrency模型
    pool = w.pool = self.instantiate(
            w.pool_cls, w.min_concurrency,
            initargs=(w.app, w.hostname),
            maxtasksperchild=w.max_tasks_per_child,
            max_memory_per_child=w.max_memory_per_child,
            timeout=w.time_limit,
            soft_timeout=w.soft_time_limit,
            putlocks=w.pool_putlocks and threaded,
            lost_worker_timeout=w.worker_lost_wait,
            threads=threaded,
            max_restarts=max_restarts,
            allow_restart=allow_restart,
            forking_enable=True,
            semaphore=semaphore,
            sched_strategy=self.optimization,
            app=w.app,
        )
        ...
    return pool
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并发模型主要包括下面一些实现，比如基于fork的多进程，基于eventlet和gevent的协程和多线程等:

ALIASES = {
    'prefork': 'celery.concurrency.prefork:TaskPool',
    'eventlet': 'celery.concurrency.eventlet:TaskPool',
    'gevent': 'celery.concurrency.gevent:TaskPool',
    'solo': 'celery.concurrency.solo:TaskPool',
    'processes': 'celery.concurrency.prefork:TaskPool',  # XXX compat alias
    'threads': 'celery.concurrency.thread:TaskPool'
}
def get_implementation(cls):
    """Return pool implementation by name."""
    return symbol_by_name(cls, ALIASES)
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在前一篇的日志中，我们知道默认使用的是prefork也就是多线程模式:

class TaskPool(BasePool):
    """Multiprocessing Pool implementation."""
    # billiard提供的池模式
    BlockingPool = BlockingPool
    ...
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TaskPool的实现主要依赖billiard库，我们以后再行介绍，这里简单了解一下celery的并发模型都在concurrency模块之下即可。

Evloop-Step实现事件循环

Evloop-Step是由Consumer blueprint启动:

class Evloop(bootsteps.StartStopStep):
    """Event loop service.
    Note:
        This is always started last.
    """
    # [2021-11-24 20:08:31,037: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Consumer: Starting event loop
    label = 'event loop'
    last = True
    def start(self, c):
        self.patch_all(c)
        c.loop(*c.loop_args())
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这里的loop在consumer中定义, 默认使用异步循环(asynloop)和同步循环(synloop)中的同步循环:

def synloop(obj, connection, consumer, blueprint, hub, qos,
            heartbeat, clock, hbrate=2.0, **kwargs):
    """Fallback blocking event loop for transports that doesn't support AIO."""
    RUN = bootsteps.RUN
    on_task_received = obj.create_task_handler()
    perform_pending_operations = obj.perform_pending_operations
    ...
    consumer.on_message = on_task_received
    consumer.consume()
    obj.on_ready()
    while blueprint.state == RUN and obj.connection:
        ...
        try:
            perform_pending_operations()
            connection.drain_events(timeout=2.0)
        except socket.timeout:
           ...
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循环中主要功能是:

设定消息的消费函数on_message
使用while循环阻塞监听
使用connection.drain_events消费消息(在kombu的文章中有过介绍)

因为synloop会阻塞，所以需要设置step为last，确保在蓝图的最后启动。

Consumer-Blueprint实现任务调度

我们再查看celery的任务处理日志:

[2021-11-24 21:33:50,535: INFO/MainProcess] Received task: myapp.add[e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2]
[2021-11-24 21:33:50,535: DEBUG/MainProcess] TaskPool: Apply <function _trace_task_ret at 0x7fe6086ac280> (args:('myapp.add', 'e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2', {'lang': 'py', 'task': 'myapp.add', 'id': 'e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2', 'shadow': None, 'eta': None, 'expires': None, 'group': None, 'group_index': None, 'retries': 0, 'timelimit': [None, None], 'root_id': 'e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2', 'parent_id': None, 'argsrepr': '(16, 16)', 'kwargsrepr': '{}', 'origin': 'gen83110@192.168.5.28', 'reply_to': '63862dbb-9d82-3bdd-b7fb-03580941362a', 'correlation_id': 'e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2', 'hostname': 'celery@192.168.5.28', 'delivery_info': {'exchange': '', 'routing_key': 'celery', 'priority': 0, 'redelivered': None}, 'args': [16, 16], 'kwargs': {}}, b'[[16, 16], {}, {"callbacks": null, "errbacks": null, "chain": null, "chord": null}]', 'application/json', 'utf-8') kwargs:{})
[2021-11-24 21:33:50,536: DEBUG/MainProcess] Task accepted: myapp.add[e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2] pid:83086
[2021-11-24 21:33:50,537: INFO/ForkPoolWorker-8] Task myapp.add[e9bb4aa0-8280-443f-a5ed-3deb0a0b99c2] succeeded in 0.000271957000000711s: 32
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可以发现celery的worker在主进程(MainProcess)中接收到task后，会派发给子进程(ForkPoolWorker-8)执行。

前面synloop的消费函数on_message实际上是Consumer(Blueprint)的create_task_handler:

def create_task_handler(self, promise=promise):
    strategies = self.strategies
    on_unknown_message = self.on_unknown_message
    on_unknown_task = self.on_unknown_task
    on_invalid_task = self.on_invalid_task
    callbacks = self.on_task_message
    call_soon = self.call_soon
    def on_task_received(message):
        type_ = message.headers['task']  
        ...
        strategy = strategies[type_]
        strategy(
                        message, payload,
                        promise(call_soon, (message.ack_log_error,)),
                        promise(call_soon, (message.reject_log_error,)),
                        callbacks,
                    )
        ...
    return on_task_received
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对于消息和任务的处理，celery提供了默认的执行策略:

# celery/worker/strategy.py:22
def default(task, app, consumer,
            info=logger.info, error=logger.error, task_reserved=task_reserved,
            to_system_tz=timezone.to_system, bytes=bytes,
            proto1_to_proto2=proto1_to_proto2):
    """Default task execution strategy."""
    ...
    # task event related
    # (optimized to avoid calling request.send_event)
    handle = consumer.on_task_request
    ...
    Request = symbol_by_name(task.Request)
    Req = create_request_cls(Request, task, consumer.pool, hostname, eventer)
    revoked_tasks = consumer.controller.state.revoked
    def task_message_handler(message, body, ack, reject, callbacks,
                             to_timestamp=to_timestamp):
        ....
        req = Req(
            message,
            on_ack=ack, on_reject=reject, app=app, hostname=hostname,
            eventer=eventer, task=task, connection_errors=connection_errors,
            body=body, headers=headers, decoded=decoded, utc=utc,
        )
        ...
        info('Received task: %s', req)
        ...
        handle(req)
    return task_message_handler
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default策略主要做了下面2件事:

创建请求对象Request
使用handle处理request对象

Request对象的执行是调用pool的执行方法:

def execute_using_pool(self, pool, **kwargs):
    """Used by the worker to send this task to the pool."""
    result = pool.apply_async(
            trace_task_ret,
            args=(self._type, task_id, self._request_dict, self._body,
                  self._content_type, self._content_encoding),
            accept_callback=self.on_accepted,
            timeout_callback=self.on_timeout,
            callback=self.on_success,
            error_callback=self.on_failure,
            soft_timeout=soft_time_limit or task.soft_time_limit,
            timeout=time_limit or task.time_limit,
            correlation_id=task_id,
        )
        # cannot create weakref to None
        self._apply_result = maybe(ref, result)
    return result
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这样远程的任务请求就派发给Pool进行执行, pool如何执行task同样以后再介绍。

Mingle-Step和Gossip-Step实现worker分布式协作

celery作为一款分布式任务调度框架，多个worker的协作由Mingle和Gossip两个step提供。我们先看Mingle-Step的日志:

[2021-12-12 13:37:56,632: DEBUG/MainProcess] | Consumer: Starting Mingle
[2021-12-12 13:37:56,632: INFO/MainProcess] mingle: searching for neighbors
[2021-12-12 13:37:57,674: INFO/MainProcess] mingle: all alone
...
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Mingle-Step实现多个worker节点的同步通讯:

def start(self, c):
    self.sync(c)
def sync(self, c):
    info('mingle: searching for neighbors')
    replies = self.send_hello(c)
    if replies:
        info('mingle: sync with %s nodes',
             len([reply for reply, value in replies.items() if value]))
        [self.on_node_reply(c, nodename, reply)
         for nodename, reply in replies.items() if reply]
        info('mingle: sync complete')
    else:
        info('mingle: all alone')
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可以看到Mingle启动后，发送hello消息，然后对其它节点的回应进行处理。hello的发送是这样的:

def send_hello(self, c):
    inspect = c.app.control.inspect(timeout=1.0, connection=c.connection)
    our_revoked = c.controller.state.revoked
    replies = inspect.hello(c.hostname, our_revoked._data) or {}
    replies.pop(c.hostname, None)  # delete my own response
    return replies
...
# celery/app/control.py
def hello(self, from_node, revoked=None):
    return self._request('hello', from_node=from_node, revoked=revoked)
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对于回应的主要处理就是对当前worker的LamportClock进行校正:

def on_node_reply(self, c, nodename, reply):
    ...
    c.app.clock.adjust(clock) if clock else c.app.clock.forward()
    ...
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Gossip-Step的功能会复杂一些，不像Mingle是一次性的，它是一个持续的过程。下面是它的日志，清晰展示会持续的监听:

[2021-12-05 15:59:19,088: DEBUG/MainProcess] w2@bogon joined the party[2021-12-12 13:37:58,096: DEBUG/MainProcess] w2@bogon joined the party
[2021-12-12 14:52:49,259: INFO/MainProcess] missed heartbeat from w2@bogon
[2021-12-12 14:52:49,262: DEBUG/MainProcess] w2@bogon joined the party
...
[2021-12-12 16:10:54,112: DEBUG/MainProcess] w2@bogon left
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Gossip是一种算法，又称流行病算法，其图示如下:

简单的说在Gossip算法中网络节点每次向自己关联的节点广播消息，直到网络中所有节点都收到消息。

celery的gossip处理消息的过程是创建自己的Consumer和定时器:

def get_consumers(self, channel):
    # 定时处理worker激活事件
    self.register_timer()
    # 消息消费者
    ev = self.Receiver(channel, routing_key='worker.#',
                       queue_ttl=self.heartbeat_interval)
    return [Consumer(
        channel,
        queues=[ev.queue],
        on_message=partial(self.on_message, ev.event_from_message),
        no_ack=True
    )]
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定时器负责处理其它节点的活跃状态, 如果节点不活跃，将它标记为脏节点，进行节点丢失处理，然后移除节点:

def periodic(self):
    workers = self.state.workers
    dirty = set()
    for worker in workers.values():
        if not worker.alive:
            dirty.add(worker)
            self.on_node_lost(worker)
    for worker in dirty:
        workers.pop(worker.hostname, None)
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消费的消息，又分成2种类型: 选举消息和其它消息。

def on_message(self, prepare, message):
    _type = message.delivery_info['routing_key']
    try:
        # 选举事件
        handler = self.event_handlers[_type]
    except KeyError:
        pass
    else:
        return handler(message.payload)
    # proto2: hostname in header; proto1: in body
    hostname = (message.headers.get('hostname') or
                message.payload['hostname'])
    if hostname != self.hostname:
        ...
        # 其它事件
        _, event = prepare(message.payload)
            self.update_state(event)
        ...
    else:
        self.clock.forward()
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选举类的消息是处理选举消息和选举ack消息:

self.event_handlers = {
            'worker.elect': self.on_elect,
            'worker.elect.ack': self.on_elect_ack,
        }
def on_elect(self, event):
    ...
def on_elect_ack(self, event):
    ...
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其它事件主要是节点的上下线之类:

self.state = c.app.events.State(
                on_node_join=self.on_node_join,
                on_node_leave=self.on_node_leave,
                max_tasks_in_memory=1,
            )
def on_node_join(self, worker):
    debug('%s joined the party', worker.hostname)
    self._call_handlers(self.on.node_join, worker)
def on_node_leave(self, worker):
    debug('%s left', worker.hostname)
    self._call_handlers(self.on.node_leave, worker)
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小结

我们通过解析celery的两个Blueprint，了解到celery worker的启动流程包括建立和broker之间的AMQP协议连接，使用进程池/线程池/协程池方式处理任务，使用hello消息进行worker节点之间的LamportClock时钟校时，使用Gossip协议进行worker节点之间的通讯协作。在多进程情况下，每次的任务都先被主进程获取，然后分配给进程池中的子进程进行执行。

参考链接

managementfromscratch.wordpress.com/2016/04/01/…

神器 celery 源码解析 - 7

蓝图设计

Connection-Step实现AMQP协议连接

Pool-Step实现并发模型

Evloop-Step实现事件循环

Consumer-Blueprint实现任务调度

Mingle-Step和Gossip-Step实现worker分布式协作

小结

参考链接

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神器 celery 源码解析 - 7

蓝图设计

Connection-Step实现AMQP协议连接

Pool-Step实现并发模型

Evloop-Step实现事件循环

Consumer-Blueprint实现任务调度

Mingle-Step和Gossip-Step实现worker分布式协作

小结

参考链接

热门文章

最新文章

相关课程

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