前些天栈长在Java技术栈微信公众号分享一篇文章:Spring Boot 面试,一个问题就干趴下了!,看到大家的留言很精彩,特别是说"约定大于配置"的这两个玩家。
哈哈,上墙的朋友开不开森?
不错,约定优(大)于配置确实是 Spring Boot 整个框架的核心思想。
那么怎么理解约定优于配置呢?
百度百科定义:
约定优于配置(convention over configuration),也称作按约定编程,是一种软件设计范式,旨在减少软件开发人员需做决定的数量,获得简单的好处,而又不失灵活性。
总结就是两点:
1、约定一些推荐的默认配置;
2、开发人员只需要规定不符约定的部分;
这样做的好处就是,如果约定的默认配置符合我们的要求,省略即可,反之,再进行额外配置。
从 Spring Boot 中提供的默认的配置文件(application.properties/yml),再到默认值自动配置,都可以看出约定带来的便利,以及节省大量的配置。
来看下 Spring Boot 中一个自动配置的源码实例吧:
@Configuration@ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, StandardServletMultipartResolver.class, MultipartConfigElement.class })@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.servlet.multipart", name = "enabled", matchIfMissing = true)@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)@EnableConfigurationProperties(MultipartProperties.class)public class MultipartAutoConfiguration { private final MultipartProperties multipartProperties; public MultipartAutoConfiguration(MultipartProperties multipartProperties) { this.multipartProperties = multipartProperties; } @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean public MultipartConfigElement multipartConfigElement() { return this.multipartProperties.createMultipartConfig(); } @Bean(name = DispatcherServlet.MULTIPART_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME) @ConditionalOnMissingBean(MultipartResolver.class) public StandardServletMultipartResolver multipartResolver() { StandardServletMultipartResolver multipartResolver = new StandardServletMultipartResolver(); multipartResolver.setResolveLazily(this.multipartProperties.isResolveLazily()); return multipartResolver; }}@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.servlet.multipart", ignoreUnknownFields = false)public class MultipartProperties { /** * Whether to enable support of multipart uploads. */ private boolean enabled = true; /** * Intermediate location of uploaded files. */ private String location; /** * Max file size. Values can use the suffixes "MB" or "KB" to indicate megabytes or * kilobytes, respectively. */ private String maxFileSize = "1MB"; /** * Max request size. Values can use the suffixes "MB" or "KB" to indicate megabytes or * kilobytes, respectively. */ private String maxRequestSize = "10MB"; /** * Threshold after which files are written to disk. Values can use the suffixes "MB" * or "KB" to indicate megabytes or kilobytes, respectively. */ private String fileSizeThreshold = "0"; /** * Whether to resolve the multipart request lazily at the time of file or parameter * access. */ private boolean resolveLazily = false; // get/set/etc..}@ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, StandardServletMultipartResolver.class, MultipartConfigElement.class })@ConditionalOnProperty(prefix = "spring.servlet.multipart", name = "enabled", matchIfMissing = true)@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)@EnableConfigurationProperties(MultipartProperties.class)public class MultipartAutoConfiguration { private final MultipartProperties multipartProperties; public MultipartAutoConfiguration(MultipartProperties multipartProperties) { this.multipartProperties = multipartProperties; } @Bean @ConditionalOnMissingBean public MultipartConfigElement multipartConfigElement() { return this.multipartProperties.createMultipartConfig(); } @Bean(name = DispatcherServlet.MULTIPART_RESOLVER_BEAN_NAME) @ConditionalOnMissingBean(MultipartResolver.class) public StandardServletMultipartResolver multipartResolver() { StandardServletMultipartResolver multipartResolver = new StandardServletMultipartResolver(); multipartResolver.setResolveLazily(this.multipartProperties.isResolveLazily()); return multipartResolver; }}@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.servlet.multipart", ignoreUnknownFields = false)public class MultipartProperties { /** * Whether to enable support of multipart uploads. */ private boolean enabled = true; /** * Intermediate location of uploaded files. */ private String location; /** * Max file size. Values can use the suffixes "MB" or "KB" to indicate megabytes or * kilobytes, respectively. */ private String maxFileSize = "1MB"; /** * Max request size. Values can use the suffixes "MB" or "KB" to indicate megabytes or * kilobytes, respectively. */ private String maxRequestSize = "10MB"; /** * Threshold after which files are written to disk. Values can use the suffixes "MB" * or "KB" to indicate megabytes or kilobytes, respectively. */ private String fileSizeThreshold = "0"; /** * Whether to resolve the multipart request lazily at the time of file or parameter * access. */ private boolean resolveLazily = false; // get/set/etc..}
这是一个文件上传的自动配置类,约定了:
1、约定了配置参数以 spring.servlet.multipart 前缀开始;
2、约定了很多默认配置,如:默认上传文件大小为 1M;
3、约定了所有的参数配置类名都是 *Properties;
4、约定了所有的自动配置类名都是 *AutoConfiguration;
5、约定了所有自动配置类配置在:/META-INF/spring.factories;
等等……
这样我们做一个文件上传操作几乎不用写任何配置了,除非满足不了需求,如:现在文件上传 1M 太小了,再加一行自定义配置即可,我们也可以按约定编写其他自动配置。
如果还不能理解,再来看 Maven 怎么做的,Maven 简直把约定大于配置的思想体现淋漓尽致。
Maven规定了哪个目录放什么文件,哪个文件做什么用,Maven会自动去处理,不需要我们再额外配置,其实我们也没有额外配置的需要,至少栈长我现在还没有遇到过。如果这些目录都让你来通过配置文件来配置,而每个项目配置的又不一样,你会不会想要崩溃?
其实这也不是新技术,只是一种设计思想,早在 JDK 1.5 中添加的《Java注解》就是很好的体现。
关于 “约定优于配置” 的思想,你还有什么好的想法,欢迎留言分享~
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