写在前面
在Scrapy基础——Spider中，我简要地说了一下Spider类。Spider基本上能做很多事情了，但是如果你想爬取知乎或者是简书全站的话，你可能需要一个更强大的武器。
CrawlSpider基于Spider，但是可以说是为全站爬取而生。
简要说明
CrawlSpider是爬取那些具有一定规则网站的常用的爬虫，它基于Spider并有一些独特属性
- rules: 是Rule对象的集合，用于匹配目标网站并排除干扰
- parse_start_url: 用于爬取起始响应，必须要返回Item，Request中的一个。
因为rules是Rule对象的集合，所以这里也要介绍一下Rule。它有几个参数：link_extractor、callback=None、cb_kwargs=None、follow=None、process_links=None、process_request=None
其中的link_extractor既可以自己定义，也可以使用已有LinkExtractor类，主要参数为：
- allow：满足括号中“正则表达式”的值会被提取，如果为空，则全部匹配。
- deny：与这个正则表达式(或正则表达式列表)不匹配的URL一定不提取。
- allow_domains：会被提取的链接的domains。
- deny_domains：一定不会被提取链接的domains。
- restrict_xpaths：使用xpath表达式，和allow共同作用过滤链接。还有一个类似的restrict_css
下面是官方提供的例子，我将从源代码的角度开始解读一些常见问题：
import scrapy
from scrapy.spiders import CrawlSpider, Rule
from scrapy.linkextractors import LinkExtractor
class MySpider(CrawlSpider):
name = 'example.com'
allowed_domains = ['example.com']
start_urls = ['http://www.example.com']
rules = (
# Extract links matching 'category.php' (but not matching 'subsection.php')
# and follow links from them (since no callback means follow=True by default).
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=('category\.php', ), deny=('subsection\.php', ))),
# Extract links matching 'item.php' and parse them with the spider's method parse_item
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=('item\.php', )), callback='parse_item'),
)
def parse_item(self, response):
self.logger.info('Hi, this is an item page! %s', response.url)
item = scrapy.Item()
item['id'] = response.xpath('//td[@id="item_id"]/text()').re(r'ID: (\d+)')
item['name'] = response.xpath('//td[@id="item_name"]/text()').extract()
item['description'] = response.xpath('//td[@id="item_description"]/text()').extract()
return item
问题：CrawlSpider如何工作的？
因为CrawlSpider继承了Spider，所以具有Spider的所有函数。
首先由start_requests对start_urls中的每一个url发起请求（make_requests_from_url)，这个请求会被parse接收。在Spider里面的parse需要我们定义，但CrawlSpider定义parse去解析响应（self._parse_response(response, self.parse_start_url, cb_kwargs={}, follow=True)）
_parse_response根据有无callback,follow和self.follow_links执行不同的操作
def _parse_response(self, response, callback, cb_kwargs, follow=True):
##如果传入了callback，使用这个callback解析页面并获取解析得到的reques或item
if callback:
cb_res = callback(response, **cb_kwargs) or ()
cb_res = self.process_results(response, cb_res)
for requests_or_item in iterate_spider_output(cb_res):
yield requests_or_item
## 其次判断有无follow，用_requests_to_follow解析响应是否有符合要求的link。
if follow and self._follow_links:
for request_or_item in self._requests_to_follow(response):
yield request_or_item
其中_requests_to_follow又会获取link_extractor（这个是我们传入的LinkExtractor）解析页面得到的link（link_extractor.extract_links(response)）,对url进行加工（process_links，需要自定义），对符合的link发起Request。使用.process_request(需要自定义）处理响应。
问题：CrawlSpider如何获取rules？
CrawlSpider类会在__init__方法中调用_compile_rules方法，然后在其中浅拷贝rules中的各个Rule获取要用于回调(callback)，要进行处理的链接（process_links）和要进行的处理请求（process_request)
def _compile_rules(self):
def get_method(method):
if callable(method):
return method
elif isinstance(method, six.string_types):
return getattr(self, method, None)
self._rules = [copy.copy(r) for r in self.rules]
for rule in self._rules:
rule.callback = get_method(rule.callback)
rule.process_links = get_method(rule.process_links)
rule.process_request = get_method(rule.process_request)
那么Rule是怎么样定义的呢？
class Rule(object):
def __init__(self, link_extractor, callback=None, cb_kwargs=None, follow=None, process_links=None, process_request=identity):
self.link_extractor = link_extractor
self.callback = callback
self.cb_kwargs = cb_kwargs or {}
self.process_links = process_links
self.process_request = process_request
if follow is None:
self.follow = False if callback else True
else:
self.follow = follow
因此LinkExtractor会传给link_extractor。
有callback的是由指定的函数处理，没有callback的是由哪个函数处理的？
由上面的讲解可以发现_parse_response会处理有callback的（响应）respons。
cb_res = callback(response, **cb_kwargs) or ()
而_requests_to_follow会将self._response_downloaded传给callback用于对页面中匹配的url发起请求（request）。
r = Request(url=link.url, callback=self._response_downloaded)
如何在CrawlSpider进行模拟登陆
因为CrawlSpider和Spider一样，都要使用start_requests发起请求，用从Andrew_liu大神借鉴的代码说明如何模拟登陆：
##替换原来的start_requests，callback为
def start_requests(self):
return [Request("http://www.zhihu.com/#signin", meta = {'cookiejar' : 1}, callback = self.post_login)]
def post_login(self, response):
print 'Preparing login'
#下面这句话用于抓取请求网页后返回网页中的_xsrf字段的文字, 用于成功提交表单
xsrf = Selector(response).xpath('//input[@name="_xsrf"]/@value').extract()[0]
print xsrf
#FormRequeset.from_response是Scrapy提供的一个函数, 用于post表单
#登陆成功后, 会调用after_login回调函数
return [FormRequest.from_response(response, #"http://www.zhihu.com/login",
meta = {'cookiejar' : response.meta['cookiejar']},
headers = self.headers,
formdata = {
'_xsrf': xsrf,
'email': '1527927373@qq.com',
'password': '321324jia'
},
callback = self.after_login,
dont_filter = True
)]
#make_requests_from_url会调用parse，就可以与CrawlSpider的parse进行衔接了
def after_login(self, response) :
for url in self.start_urls :
yield self.make_requests_from_url(url)
理论说明如上，有不足或不懂的地方欢迎在留言区和我说明。
其次，我会写一段爬取简书全站用户的爬虫来说明如何具体使用CrawlSpider
最后贴上Scrapy.spiders.CrawlSpider的源代码，以便检查
"""
This modules implements the CrawlSpider which is the recommended spider to use
for scraping typical web sites that requires crawling pages.
See documentation in docs/topics/spiders.rst
"""
import copy
import six
from scrapy.http import Request, HtmlResponse
from scrapy.utils.spider import iterate_spider_output
from scrapy.spiders import Spider
def identity(x):
return x
class Rule(object):
def __init__(self, link_extractor, callback=None, cb_kwargs=None, follow=None, process_links=None, process_request=identity):
self.link_extractor = link_extractor
self.callback = callback
self.cb_kwargs = cb_kwargs or {}
self.process_links = process_links
self.process_request = process_request
if follow is None:
self.follow = False if callback else True
else:
self.follow = follow
class CrawlSpider(Spider):
rules = ()
def __init__(self, *a, **kw):
super(CrawlSpider, self).__init__(*a, **kw)
self._compile_rules()
def parse(self, response):
return self._parse_response(response, self.parse_start_url, cb_kwargs={}, follow=True)
def parse_start_url(self, response):
return []
def process_results(self, response, results):
return results
def _requests_to_follow(self, response):
if not isinstance(response, HtmlResponse):
return
seen = set()
for n, rule in enumerate(self._rules):
links = [lnk for lnk in rule.link_extractor.extract_links(response)
if lnk not in seen]
if links and rule.process_links:
links = rule.process_links(links)
for link in links:
seen.add(link)
r = Request(url=link.url, callback=self._response_downloaded)
r.meta.update(rule=n, link_text=link.text)
yield rule.process_request(r)
def _response_downloaded(self, response):
rule = self._rules[response.meta['rule']]
return self._parse_response(response, rule.callback, rule.cb_kwargs, rule.follow)
def _parse_response(self, response, callback, cb_kwargs, follow=True):
if callback:
cb_res = callback(response, **cb_kwargs) or ()
cb_res = self.process_results(response, cb_res)
for requests_or_item in iterate_spider_output(cb_res):
yield requests_or_item
if follow and self._follow_links:
for request_or_item in self._requests_to_follow(response):
yield request_or_item
def _compile_rules(self):
def get_method(method):
if callable(method):
return method
elif isinstance(method, six.string_types):
return getattr(self, method, None)
self._rules = [copy.copy(r) for r in self.rules]
for rule in self._rules:
rule.callback = get_method(rule.callback)
rule.process_links = get_method(rule.process_links)
rule.process_request = get_method(rule.process_request)
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler, *args, **kwargs):
spider = super(CrawlSpider, cls).from_crawler(crawler, *args, **kwargs)
spider._follow_links = crawler.settings.getbool(
'CRAWLSPIDER_FOLLOW_LINKS', True)
return spider
def set_crawler(self, crawler):
super(CrawlSpider, self).set_crawler(crawler)
self._follow_links = crawler.settings.getbool('CRAWLSPIDER_FOLLOW_LINKS', True)