ansible工具
特性
(1)、no agents：不需要在被管控主机上安装任何客户端；
(2)、no server：无服务器端，使用时直接运行命令即可；
(3)、modules in any languages：基于模块工作，可使用任意语言开发模块；
(4)、yaml，not code：使用yaml语言定制剧本playbook；
(5)、ssh by default：基于SSH工作；
(6)、strong multi-tier solution：可实现多级指挥。
优点
(1)、轻量级，无需在客户端安装agent，更新时，只需在操作机上进行一次更新即可；
(2)、批量任务执行可以写成脚本，而且不用分发到远程就可以执行；
(3)、使用python编写，维护更简单，ruby语法过于复杂；
(4)、支持sudo。
1. 安装
yum install -y epel-release
yum install -y ansible
2. 配置
(1) ssh密钥配置
首先生成密钥对
ssh-keygen -t rsa 直接回车即可，不用设置密钥密码
这样会在root家目录下生成.ssh目录，这里面也会生成两个文件 id_rsa 和 id_rsa.pub
然后把公钥(id_rsa.pub）内容放到对方机器的/root/.ssh/authorized_keys里面，包括本机
cat /root/.ssh/id_rsa.pub >> /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
对方机器上要配置好 authorized_keys文件的权限
chmod 600 /root/.ssh/authorized_keys
还需要关闭selinux
(2) ansible 配置
vi /etc/ansible/hosts //增加
[testhost]
192.168.1.2
192.168.1.5
说明： testhost为主机组名字，自定义的。 下面两个ip为组内的机器ip。
3. 远程执行命令
ansible testhost -m command -a 'w'
这样就可以批量执行命令了。这里的testhost 为主机组名，当然我们也可以直接写一个ip，针对某一台机器来执行命令。
错误： "msg": "Aborting, target uses selinux but python bindings (libselinux-python) aren't installed!"
解决： yum install -y libselinux-python
4. 拷贝文件或者目录
ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/etc/ansible dest=/tmp/ansibletest owner=root group=root mode=0644"
注意：源目录会放到目标目录下面去。
5. 远程执行一个shell脚本
首先创建一个shell脚本
vim /tmp/test.sh //加入内容
#!/bin/bash
echo `date` > /tmp/ansible_test.txt
然后把该脚本分发到各个机器上
ansible testhost -m copy -a "src=/tmp/test.sh dest=/tmp/test.sh mod=0755"
最后是批量执行该shell脚本
ansible testhost -m shell -a "/tmp/test.sh"
shell模块，还支持远程执行命令并且带管道
ansible testhost -m shell -a "cat /etc/passwd|wc -l "
6. cron
ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt' weekday=6"
若要删除该cron 只需要加一个字段 state=absent
ansible testhost -m cron -a "name='test cron' job='/bin/touch /tmp/1212.txt' weekday=6 state=absent"
7. yum和service
ansible testhost -m yum -a "name=httpd"
ansible testhost -m service -a "name=httpd state=started enabled=yes"
文档使用：
ansible-doc -l 列出所有的模块
ansible-doc cron 查看指定模块的文档
8.playbook
相当于把模块写入到配置文件里面
例：
cat /etc/ansible/test.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: test_playbook
shell: touch /tmp/test.txt
说明：
hosts参数指定了对哪些主机进行参作；
user参数指定了使用什么用户登录远程主机操作；
tasks指定了一个任务，其下面的name参数同样是对任务的描述，在执行过程中会打印出来。
执行：
ansible-playbook test.yml
再来一个例子：
vim /etc/ansible/create_user.yml
---
- name: create_user
hosts: testhost
user: root
gather_facts: false
vars:
- user: "test"
tasks:
- name: create user
user: name="` user `"
说明：
name参数对该playbook实现的功能做一个概述，后面执行过程中，会打印 name变量的值 ，可以省略；
gather_facts参数指定了在以下任务部分执行前，是否先执行setup模块获取主机相关信息，这在后面的task会使用到setup获取的信息时用到；
vars参数，指定了变量，这里指字一个user变量，其值为test ，需要注意的是，变量值一定要用引号引住；
user提定了调用user模块，name是user模块里的一个参数，而增加的用户名字调用了上面user变量的值。
循环with_items：
---
- hosts: testhost
user: root
tasks:
- name: change mod for file
file: path=/tmp/` item ` mode=600 owner=root group=root
with_items:
- 1.txt
- 2.txt
说明： with_items 就是循环的关键
条件when：
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
gather_facts: True
tasks:
- name: use when
shell: touch /tmp/when.txt
when: facter_ipaddress == "192.168.1.6"
模块handlers：
执行task之后，服务器发生变化之后要执行的一些操作，比如我们修改了配置文件后，需要重启一下服务，具体示例
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
tasks:
- name: test copy
copy: src=/tmp/1.txt dest=/tmp/2.txt
notify: test handlers
handlers:
- name: test handlers
shell: echo "121212" >> /tmp/2.txt
说明，只有copy模块真正执行后，才会去调用下面的handlers相关的操作。也就是说如果1.txt和2.txt内容是一样的，并不会去执行handlers里面的shell相关命令。 这种比较适合配置文件发生更改后，重启服务的操作。
9. 实际应用- 安装nginx
cd /etc/ansible
mkdir nginx_install
mkdir -p nginx_install/roles/{common,delete,install}/{handlers,files,meta,tasks,templates,vars}
说明：roles目录下有三个角色，common为一些准备操作，delete为删除nginx的操作，install为安装nginx的操作
每个角色下面又有几个目录，handlers下面是当发生改变时要执行的操作，通常用在配置文件发生改变，重启服务。files为安装时用到的一些文件，meta为说明信息，说明角色依赖等信息，tasks里面是核心的配置文件，templates通常存一些配置文件，启动脚本等模板文件，vars下为定义的变量
cd nginx_install/roles
vim ./common/tasks/main.yml //内容如下
- name: Install initializtion require software
yum: name=` item ` state=installed
with_items:
- gcc
- zlib-devel
- pcre-devel
vim ./install/vars/main.yml
nginx_user: www
nginx_port: 80
nginx_web_dir: /data/www
nginx_version: 1.4.3
ls ./install/files/
nginx-1.4.3.tar.gz
说明： 我们需要把源码包放到 files目录里面
ls ./install/templates
index.html index.php install_nginx.sh nginx nginx.conf vhost.conf
说明： 需要再templates下面准备好 默认页、安装nginx的shell脚本、nginx启动脚本、nginx配置文件以及虚拟主机配置文件
vim ./install/tasks/copy.yml
- name: Copy Nginx Software To Redhat Client
copy: src=nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz dest=/tmp/nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz owner=root group=root
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Uncompression Nginx Software To Redhat Client
shell: tar zxf /tmp/nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz -C /usr/local/
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Copy Nginx Start Script To Redhat Client
template: src=nginx dest=/etc/init.d/nginx owner=root group=root mode=0755
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Copy Nginx Config To Redhat Client
template: src=nginx.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `/conf/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Copy Nginx Vhost Config to RedHat Client
template: src=vhost.conf dest=/usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `/conf/vhost/ owner=root group=root mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
说明： 首先把压缩包拷贝到/tmp/目录下，然后解压到/usr/local/下，再拷贝启动脚本到/etc/init.d/下，再拷贝nginx.conf以及vhost.conf
vim ./install/tasks/install.yml
- name: Create Nginx User In Redhat Client
user: name=` nginx_user ` state=present createhome=no shell=/sbin/nologin
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Create Nginx Dir
file: dest=` nginx_web_dir `/` item ` state=directory
with_items:
- vhost
- logs
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Modify Nginx Dir Permission In Redhat Client
file: path=` item ` owner=` nginx_user ` group=` nginx_user ` mode=0755
with_items:
- "` nginx_web_dir `"
- /usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Create Index Html To Redhat Client
template: src=index.html dest=` nginx_web_dir `/vhost/index.html owner=` nginx_user ` group=` nginx_user ` mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Install Check Script In Redhat Client
template: src=index.php dest=` nginx_web_dir `/vhost/ owner=` nginx_user ` group=` nginx_user ` mode=0644
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
service: name=nginx state=restarted
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Add Boot Start Nginx Service In Redhat Client
shell: chkconfig --level 345 nginx on
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
vim ./install/tasks/delete.yml
- name: Delete Nginx compression Software In Redhat Client
shell: rm -rf /tmp/nginx-` nginx_version `.tar.gz
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
vim ./install/tasks/main.yml
- include: copy.yml
- include: install.yml
- include: delete.yml
vim ./delete/vars/main.yml
nginx_user: www
nginx_port: 80
nginx_web_dir: /data/webroot/nginx
nginx_version: 1.4.3
vim ./delete/tasks/main.yml
- include: delete.yml
vim ./delete/tasks/delete.yml
- name: stop nginx service
shell: ps -ef|grep nginx|grep -v grep|awk '{print $2}'|xargs kill -9 >>/dev/null 2>&1
ignore_errors: yes
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx Boot Start Script
shell: chkconfig --del nginx
ignore_errors: yes
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx Dir
shell: rm -rf /usr/local/nginx-` nginx_version `
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx User
shell: userdel ` nginx_user `
ignore_errors: yes
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
- name: Delete Nginx Service Start Script
shell: rm -rf /etc/init.d/nginx
when: ansible_os_family == "RedHat" and ansible_distribution_version|int >=6
cd ../
vim install.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
gather_facts: True
roles:
- common
- install
vim delete.yml
---
- hosts: testhost
remote_user: root
gather_facts: True
roles:
- delete
安装nginx: ansible-playbook install.yml
删除nginx: ansible-playbook delete.yml
本文转自super李导51CTO博客，原文链接：http://blog.51cto.com/superleedo/1914946 ，如需转载请自行联系原作者
