SQL Server 通过触发器用来保证业务逻辑和数据的完整性。在SQL Server中,触发器是一种特殊类型的存储过程,可在执行语言事件时自动触发。SQL Server中触发器包括三种:DML触发器、DDL触发器和登录触发器。
- DML触发器:执行DML语句触发执行,例如操作数据表或视图的insert、update、delete语句,不包含select。
- DDL触发器:执行DDL语句时触发执行,例如create table等语句。
- 登录触发器:在用户登录SQL Server实例创建会话时触发。
SQL Server将触发器和触发它的语句放在一个可回滚事务中,如果触发器发生异常,则与该触发器相关的语句自动回滚。
DML的功能(优点):
- 实现表的级联更改,实现与外键约束相似的功能(如果外键可以约束,则不推荐使用触发器)
- 防止恶意或错误的insert、update、delete操作。触发器比check约束更加强大,触发器可以引用其它数据表,执行更加复杂的限制,而check约束不能引用其它表。
- 可以获取到更改前和修改后的数据,根据差异采取措施,决定是commit,还是rollback
- 一个表支持创建多个同类型的DML触发器
注意:有日志操作的行为才会激活触发器。例如truncate table删除表中所有数据,并没有执行日志操作,所以不会激活delete触发器。
创建触发器
DML触发器分为:
- after触发器(之后触发)
- insert触发器
- update触发器
- delete触发器
- instead of 触发器 (之前触发)
其中after触发器要求只有执行某一操作insert、update、delete之后触发器才被触发,且只能定义在表上。而instead of触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身。既可以在表上定义instead of触发器,也可以在视图上定义。
触发器有两个特殊的表:插入表(instered表)和删除表(deleted表)。这两张是逻辑表也是虚表。有系统在内存中创建者两张表,不会存储在数据库中。而且两张表的都是只读的,只能读取数据而不能修改数据。这两张表的结果总是与被改触发器应用的表的结构相同。当触发器完成工作后,这两张表就会被删除。Inserted表的数据是插入或是修改后的数据,而deleted表的数据是更新前的或是删除的数据。
Inserted逻辑表 | Deleted逻辑表 | |
增加记录(insert) | 存放增加的记录 | 无 |
删除记录(delete) | 无 | 存放被删除的记录 |
修改记录(update) | 存放更新后的记录 | 存放更新前的记录 |
Update数据的时候就是先删除表记录,然后增加一条记录。这样在inserted和deleted表就都有update后的数据记录了。注意的是:触发器本身就是一个事务,所以在触发器里面可以对修改数据进行一些特殊的检查。如果不满足可以利用事务回滚,撤销操作。
创建触发器的语法:
create trigger tgr_name on table_name with encrypion –加密触发器 for update... as Transact-SQL
创建insert类型触发器
insert触发器,会在inserted表中添加一条刚插入的记录。
--创建insert插入类型触发器 if (object_id('tgr_classes_insert', 'tr') is not null) drop trigger tgr_classes_insert go create trigger tgr_classes_insert on classes for insert --插入触发 as --定义变量 declare @id int, @name varchar(20), @temp int; --在inserted表中查询已经插入记录信息 select @id = id, @name = name from inserted; set @name = @name + convert(varchar, @id); set @temp = @id / 2; insert into student values(@name, 18 + @id, @temp, @id); print '添加学生成功!'; go --插入数据 insert into classes values('5班', getDate()); --查询数据 select * from classes; select * from student order by id;
创建delete类型触发器
delete触发器会在删除数据的时候,将刚才删除的数据保存在deleted表中。
--delete删除类型触发器 if (object_id('tgr_classes_delete', 'TR') is not null) drop trigger tgr_classes_delete go create trigger tgr_classes_delete on classes for delete --删除触发 as print '备份数据中……'; if (object_id('classesBackup', 'U') is not null) --存在classesBackup,直接插入数据 insert into classesBackup select name, createDate from deleted; else --不存在classesBackup创建再插入 select * into classesBackup from deleted; print '备份数据成功!'; go -- --不显示影响行数 --set nocount on; delete classes where name = '5班'; --查询数据 select * from classes; select * from classesBackup;
创建update类型触发器
update触发器会在更新数据后,将更新前的数据保存在deleted表中,更新后的数据保存在inserted表中。
--update更新类型触发器 if (object_id('tgr_classes_update', 'TR') is not null) drop trigger tgr_classes_update go create trigger tgr_classes_update on classes for update as declare @oldName varchar(20), @newName varchar(20); --更新前的数据 select @oldName = name from deleted; if (exists (select * from student where name like '%'+ @oldName + '%')) begin --更新后的数据 select @newName = name from inserted; update student set name = replace(name, @oldName, @newName) where name like '%'+ @oldName + '%'; print '级联修改数据成功!'; end else print '无需修改student表!'; go --查询数据 select * from student order by id; select * from classes; update classes set name = '五班' where name = '5班';
update更新列级触发器
更新列级触发器可以用update是否判断更新列记录;
if (object_id('tgr_classes_update_column', 'TR') is not null) drop trigger tgr_classes_update_column go create trigger tgr_classes_update_column on classes for update as --列级触发器:是否更新了班级创建时间 if (update(createDate)) begin raisError('系统提示:班级创建时间不能修改!', 16, 11); rollback tran; end go --测试 select * from student order by id; select * from classes; update classes set createDate = getDate() where id = 3; update classes set name = '四班' where id = 7;
instead of 类型触发器
instead of 触发器表示并不执行其定义的操作(insert、update、delete)而仅是执行触发器本身的内容。
语法:
create trigger tgr_name on table_name with encryption instead of update... as T-SQL
创建instead of触发器
if (object_id('tgr_classes_inteadOf', 'TR') is not null) drop trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf go create trigger tgr_classes_inteadOf on classes instead of delete/*, update, insert*/ as declare @id int, @name varchar(20); --查询被删除的信息,病赋值 select @id = id, @name = name from deleted; print 'id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name; --先删除student的信息 delete student where cid = @id; --再删除classes的信息 delete classes where id = @id; print '删除[ id: ' + convert(varchar, @id) + ', name: ' + @name + ' ] 的信息成功!'; go --test select * from student order by id; select * from classes; delete classes where id = 7;
显示错误信息(raiserror)
if (object_id('tgr_message', 'TR') is not null) drop trigger tgr_message go create trigger tgr_message on student after insert, update as raisError('tgr_message触发器被触发', 16, 10); go --test insert into student values('lily', 22, 1, 7); update student set sex = 0 where name = 'lucy'; select * from student order by id;
修改触发器
alter trigger tgr_message on student after delete as raisError('tgr_message触发器被触发', 16, 10); go --test delete from student where name = 'lucy';
启用、禁用触发器
--禁用触发器 disable trigger tgr_message on student; --启用触发器 enable trigger tgr_message on student;
查询创建的触发器信息
--查询已存在的触发器 select * from sys.triggers; select * from sys.objects where type = 'TR'; --查看触发器触发事件 select te.* from sys.trigger_events te join sys.triggers t on t.object_id = te.object_id where t.parent_class = 0 and t.name = 'tgr_valid_data'; --查看创建触发器语句 exec sp_helptext 'tgr_message';
示例,验证插入数据
if ((object_id('tgr_valid_data', 'TR') is not null)) drop trigger tgr_valid_data go create trigger tgr_valid_data on student after insert as declare @age int, @name varchar(20); select @name = s.name, @age = s.age from inserted s; if (@age < 18) begin raisError('插入新数据的age有问题', 16, 1); rollback tran; end go --test insert into student values('forest', 2, 0, 7); insert into student values('forest', 22, 0, 7); select * from student order by id;
示例,操作日志
if (object_id('log', 'U') is not null) drop table log go create table log( id int identity(1, 1) primary key, action varchar(20), createDate datetime default getDate() ) go if (exists (select * from sys.objects where name = 'tgr_student_log')) drop trigger tgr_student_log go create trigger tgr_student_log on student after insert, update, delete as if ((exists (select 1 from inserted)) and (exists (select 1 from deleted))) begin insert into log(action) values('updated'); end else if (exists (select 1 from inserted) and not exists (select 1 from deleted)) begin insert into log(action) values('inserted'); end else if (not exists (select 1 from inserted) and exists (select 1 from deleted)) begin insert into log(action) values('deleted'); end go --test insert into student values('king', 22, 1, 7); update student set sex = 0 where name = 'king'; delete student where name = 'king'; select * from log; select * from student order by id; 本文转自齐师傅博客园博客,原文链接:http://www.cnblogs.com/youring2/p/4929149.html,如需转载请自行联系原作者