1 介绍
看过那些书,走过那些路,依然过不好这一生;用过很多框架,依然成不了好的架构师。
本系列主要是介绍如果只给你一个点,让你实现一个3D的实现的过程以及会涉及到那些图形学知识。
2 基本概念
像素: RGBA四元素组成 (每个元素都是1byte,8个bit位)
含义:R红色 G绿色 B蓝色 A透明度
四元素计算出来就是像素点的颜色
画布:屏幕
位图:很多像素点组成
HDC:
3 基础demo框架搭建
3.1 win32窗口原理
1.编写WinMain函数
int APIENTRY wWinMain(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_opt_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, _In_ LPWSTR lpCmdLine, _In_ int nCmdShow)
2.设计窗口类(WNDCLASS)
// 初始化全局字符串 LoadStringW(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING); LoadStringW(hInstance, IDC_WINDOWSPROJECT1, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING);
3.注册窗口类(RegisterClass)
ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance) { WNDCLASSEXW wcex; wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; wcex.cbClsExtra = 0; wcex.cbWndExtra = 0; wcex.hInstance = hInstance; wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_WINDOWSPROJECT1)); wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW); wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL; wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass; wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_SMALL)); return RegisterClassExW(&wcex); }
4.创建窗口(CreatWindow)
hWnd = CreateWindowW(szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_POPUP, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, wWidth, wHeight, nullptr, nullptr, hInstance, nullptr);
5.显示并更新窗口
ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hWnd);
6.编写消息循环
while (GetMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0)) { if (!TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg)) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } }
7.编写窗口过程函数
LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (message) { case WM_COMMAND: { int wmId = LOWORD(wParam); // 分析菜单选择: switch (wmId) { case IDM_ABOUT: DialogBox(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_ABOUTBOX), hWnd, About); break; case IDM_EXIT: DestroyWindow(hWnd); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam); } } break; case WM_PAINT: { PAINTSTRUCT ps; HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps); // TODO: 在此处添加使用 hdc 的任何绘图代码... EndPaint(hWnd, &ps); } break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; }
3.2 搭建demo框架
//基础坐标
#pragma once namespace GT { template<typename T> struct tVec2 { T x; T y; tVec2(T _x, T _y) { x = _x; y = _y; } tVec2() { x = -1; y = -1; } }; typedef tVec2<int> intV2; typedef tVec2<float> floatV2; typedef unsigned int uint; typedef unsigned char byte; }
//像素描述
#pragma once #include <string.h> #include "GTMATH.hpp" namespace GT { struct RGBA //像素 { byte m_r; byte m_g; byte m_b; byte m_a; RGBA(byte _r = 255, byte _g = 255, byte _b = 255, byte _a = 255) { m_r = _r; m_g = _g; m_b = _b; m_a = _a; } }; //画布 class Canvas { private: int m_width; int m_height; RGBA* m_buffer; public: Canvas(int _width, int _height, void* _buffer) { if (_width <= 0 || _height <= 0) { m_width = -1; m_height = -1; m_buffer = nullptr; } m_width = _width; m_height = _height; m_buffer = (RGBA*)_buffer; } ~Canvas() { } // 清洗操作类似opengl gl_clear void clear() { if (m_buffer != nullptr) { memset(m_buffer, 0, sizeof(RGBA) * m_width * m_height); } } //画点操作 void drawPoint(int x, int y, RGBA _color) { // 屏幕外,不画 if (x < 0 || x >= m_width || y < 0 || y >= m_height) { return; } m_buffer[y * m_width + x] = _color; } }; }
//main函数
// WindowsProject1.cpp : 定义应用程序的入口点。 // #include "framework.h" #include "WindowsProject1.h" #include "Canvas.h" #define MAX_LOADSTRING 100 // 全局变量: HINSTANCE hInst; // 当前实例 WCHAR szTitle[MAX_LOADSTRING]; // 标题栏文本 WCHAR szWindowClass[MAX_LOADSTRING]; // 主窗口类名 HWND hWnd; int wWidth = 800; int wHeight = 600; HDC hDC = NULL; HDC hMem = NULL; GT::Canvas* _canvas = NULL; // 此代码模块中包含的函数的前向声明: ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance); BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int); LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); INT_PTR CALLBACK About(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM); void Render(); int APIENTRY wWinMain(_In_ HINSTANCE hInstance, _In_opt_ HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, _In_ LPWSTR lpCmdLine, _In_ int nCmdShow) { UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(hPrevInstance); UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lpCmdLine); // 初始化全局字符串 LoadStringW(hInstance, IDS_APP_TITLE, szTitle, MAX_LOADSTRING); LoadStringW(hInstance, IDC_WINDOWSPROJECT1, szWindowClass, MAX_LOADSTRING); MyRegisterClass(hInstance); // 执行应用程序初始化: if (!InitInstance (hInstance, nCmdShow)) { return FALSE; } HACCEL hAccelTable = LoadAccelerators(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDC_WINDOWSPROJECT1)); //*******************创建绘图用的位图******************** void* buffer = 0; hDC = GetDC(hWnd); hMem = ::CreateCompatibleDC(hDC); BITMAPINFO bmpInfo; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSize = sizeof(BITMAPINFOHEADER); bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biWidth = wWidth; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biHeight = wHeight; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biPlanes = 1; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biBitCount = 32; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biCompression = BI_RGB; //实际上存储的RGB bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biSizeImage = 0; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biXPelsPerMeter = 0; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biYPelsPerMeter = 0; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biClrUsed = 0; bmpInfo.bmiHeader.biClrImportant = 0; HBITMAP hBmp = CreateDIBSection(hDC, &bmpInfo, DIB_RGB_COLORS, (void**)&buffer, 0, 0); //在这里创建Buffer内存 SelectObject(hMem, hBmp); memset(buffer, 0, wWidth * wHeight * 4); //清空buffer为0 //*******************创建绘图用的位图******************** _canvas = new GT::Canvas(wWidth, wHeight, buffer); MSG msg; // 主消息循环: while (GetMessage(&msg, nullptr, 0, 0)) { if (!TranslateAccelerator(msg.hwnd, hAccelTable, &msg)) { TranslateMessage(&msg); DispatchMessage(&msg); } Render(); } return (int) msg.wParam; } void Render() { _canvas->clear(); GT::RGBA _color(255, 0, 0, 0); //点 为何是蓝色 _canvas->drawPoint(rand() % wWidth, rand() % wHeight, _color); //直线 for (int x = 0; x < wWidth; x++) { _canvas->drawPoint(x, 100, _color); } //雪花 //for (int x = 0; x < wWidth; x++) //{ // for (int y = 0; y < wHeight; y++) // { // GT::RGBA _color(rand() % 255, rand() % 255, rand() % 255); // _canvas->drawPoint(x, y, _color); // } // //} //在这里画到设备上,hMem相当于缓冲区(将缓冲区buffer画到hdc上) BitBlt(hDC, 0, 0, wWidth, wHeight, hMem, 0, 0, SRCCOPY); } // // 函数: MyRegisterClass() // // 目标: 注册窗口类。 // ATOM MyRegisterClass(HINSTANCE hInstance) { WNDCLASSEXW wcex; wcex.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX); wcex.style = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW; wcex.lpfnWndProc = WndProc; wcex.cbClsExtra = 0; wcex.cbWndExtra = 0; wcex.hInstance = hInstance; wcex.hIcon = LoadIcon(hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_WINDOWSPROJECT1)); wcex.hCursor = LoadCursor(nullptr, IDC_ARROW); wcex.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)(COLOR_WINDOW+1); wcex.lpszMenuName = NULL; wcex.lpszClassName = szWindowClass; wcex.hIconSm = LoadIcon(wcex.hInstance, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDI_SMALL)); return RegisterClassExW(&wcex); } // // 函数: InitInstance(HINSTANCE, int) // // 目标: 保存实例句柄并创建主窗口 // // 注释: // // 在此函数中,我们在全局变量中保存实例句柄并 // 创建和显示主程序窗口。 // BOOL InitInstance(HINSTANCE hInstance, int nCmdShow) { hInst = hInstance; // 将实例句柄存储在全局变量中 hWnd = CreateWindowW(szWindowClass, szTitle, WS_POPUP, CW_USEDEFAULT, 0, wWidth, wHeight, nullptr, nullptr, hInstance, nullptr); if (!hWnd) { return FALSE; } ShowWindow(hWnd, nCmdShow); UpdateWindow(hWnd); return TRUE; } // // 函数: WndProc(HWND, UINT, WPARAM, LPARAM) // // 目标: 处理主窗口的消息。 // // WM_COMMAND - 处理应用程序菜单 // WM_PAINT - 绘制主窗口 // WM_DESTROY - 发送退出消息并返回 // // LRESULT CALLBACK WndProc(HWND hWnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { switch (message) { case WM_COMMAND: { int wmId = LOWORD(wParam); // 分析菜单选择: switch (wmId) { case IDM_ABOUT: DialogBox(hInst, MAKEINTRESOURCE(IDD_ABOUTBOX), hWnd, About); break; case IDM_EXIT: DestroyWindow(hWnd); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam); } } break; case WM_PAINT: { PAINTSTRUCT ps; HDC hdc = BeginPaint(hWnd, &ps); // TODO: 在此处添加使用 hdc 的任何绘图代码... EndPaint(hWnd, &ps); } break; case WM_DESTROY: PostQuitMessage(0); break; default: return DefWindowProc(hWnd, message, wParam, lParam); } return 0; } // “关于”框的消息处理程序。 INT_PTR CALLBACK About(HWND hDlg, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam) { UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(lParam); switch (message) { case WM_INITDIALOG: return (INT_PTR)TRUE; case WM_COMMAND: if (LOWORD(wParam) == IDOK || LOWORD(wParam) == IDCANCEL) { EndDialog(hDlg, LOWORD(wParam)); return (INT_PTR)TRUE; } break; } return (INT_PTR)FALSE; }
4 点/直线/雪花效果
GT::RGBA _color(255, 0, 0, 0); //点 为何是蓝色 _canvas->drawPoint(rand() % wWidth, rand() % wHeight, _color); //直线 for (int x = 0; x < wWidth; x++) { _canvas->drawPoint(x, 100, _color); } //雪花 //for (int x = 0; x < wWidth; x++) //{ // for (int y = 0; y < wHeight; y++) // { // GT::RGBA _color(rand() % 255, rand() % 255, rand() % 255); // _canvas->drawPoint(x, y, _color); // } // //}
线是很多点绘制而成