02.交换机RabbitMQ交换机
1.Exchange(交换机)的作用
在RabbitMQ中,生产者发送消息不会直接将消息投递到队列中,而是先将消息投递到交换机中,在由交换机转发到具体的队列,
队列再将消息以推送或者拉取方式给消费者进行消费
创建消息 路由键 pull/push
生产者------------>交换机------------>队列------------>消费者
2. Exchange(交换机)的类型
2.1.直连交换机:Direct Exchange
直连交换机是一种带路由功能的交换机,一个队列会和一个交换机绑定,除此之外再绑定一个routing_key,当消息被发送的时候,需要指定一个binding_key,这个消息被送达交换机的时候,就会被这个交换机送到指定的队列里面去。同样的一个binding_key也是支持应用到多个队列中的。
这样当一个交换机绑定多个队列,就会被送到对应的队列去处理。
注1:什么是路由键
每个消息都有一个称为路由键(routing key)的属性,它其实就是一个简单的字符串
注2:直连交换机适用场景
有优先级的任务,根据任务的优先级把消息发送到对应的队列,这样可以指派更多的资源去处理高优先级的队列。
2.2.主题交换机:Topic Exchange
直连交换机的缺点!
直连交换机的routing_key方案非常简单,如果我们希望一条消息发送给多个队列,那么这个交换机需要绑定上非常多的routing_key,
假设每个交换机上都绑定一堆的routing_key连接到各个队列上。那么消息的管理就会异常地困难。
所以RabbitMQ提供了一种主题交换机,发送到主题交换机上的消息需要携带指定规则的routing_key,
主题交换机会根据这个规则将数据发送到对应的(多个)队列上。
主题交换机的routing_key需要有一定的规则,交换机和队列的binding_key需要采用*.#.*…的格式,每个部分用.分开,其中
*表示一个单词
#表示任意数量(零个或多个)单词。
示例: 队列Q1绑定键为 *.TT.* 队列Q2绑定键为TT.# 如果一条消息携带的路由键为 A.TT.B,那么队列Q1将会收到 如果一条消息携带的路由键为TT.AA.BB,那么队列Q2将会收到
2.3.扇形交换机:Fanout Exchange
扇形交换机是最基本的交换机类型,它所能做的事情非常简单———广播消息。
扇形交换机会把能接收到的消息全部发送给绑定在自己身上的队列。因为广播不需要“思考”,
所以扇形交换机处理消息的速度也是所有的交换机类型里面最快的。
这个交换机没有路由键概念,就算你绑了路由键也是无视的。
2.4.首部交换机:Headers exchange
2.5.默认交换机
实际上是一个由RabbitMQ预先声明好的名字为空字符串的直连交换机(direct exchange)。它有一个特殊的属性使得它对于
简单应用特别有用处:那就是每个新建队列(queue)都会自动绑定到默认交换机上,绑定的路由键(routing key)名称与队列名称相同。
如:当你声明了一个名为”hello”的队列,RabbitMQ会自动将其绑定到默认交换机上,绑定(binding)的路由键名称也是为”hello”。
因此,当携带着名为”hello”的路由键的消息被发送到默认交换机的时候,此消息会被默认交换机路由至名为”hello”的队列中
类似amq.*的名称的交换机:这些是RabbitMQ默认创建的交换机。这些队列名称被预留做RabbitMQ内部使用,不能被应用使用,否则抛出403 (ACCESS_REFUSED)错误
2.6.Dead Letter Exchange(死信交换机)
在默认情况,如果消息在投递到交换机时,交换机发现此消息没有匹配的队列,则这个消息将被悄悄丢弃。
为了解决这个问题,RabbitMQ中有一种交换机叫死信交换机。当消费者不能处理接收到的消息时,将这个消息重新发布到另外一个队列中,等待重试或者人工干预。这个过程中的exchange和queue就是所谓的”Dead Letter Exchange 和 Queue
3. 交换机的属性
除交换机类型外,在声明交换机时还可以附带许多其他的属性,其中最重要的几个分别是:
Name:交换机名称
Durability:是否持久化。如果持久性,则RabbitMQ重启后,交换机还存在
Auto-delete:当所有与之绑定的消息队列都完成了对此交换机的使用后,删掉它
Arguments:扩展参数
4. 综合案例:交换机的使用
4.1.新建两个模块
rabbitmq-provider和rabbitmq-consumer
rabbitmq-provider的pom
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.7.2</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <groupId>com.zjzaki</groupId> <artifactId>rabbitmq-provider</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <name>rabbitmq-provider</name> <description>rabbitmq-provider</description> <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <excludes> <exclude> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> </exclude> </excludes> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
application.yml
server: port: 8081 spring: rabbitmq: host: localhost password: 123456 port: 5672 username: zjzaki virtual-host: my_vhost
rabbitmq-consumer的pom文件
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 https://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd"> <modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion> <parent> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId> <version>2.7.2</version> <relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository --> </parent> <groupId>com.zjzaki</groupId> <artifactId>rabbitmq-consumer</artifactId> <version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version> <name>rabbitmq-consumer</name> <description>rabbitmq-consumer</description> <properties> <java.version>1.8</java.version> </properties> <dependencies> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> <optional>true</optional> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId> <scope>test</scope> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-amqp</artifactId> </dependency> <dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId> </dependency> </dependencies> <build> <plugins> <plugin> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId> <configuration> <excludes> <exclude> <groupId>org.projectlombok</groupId> <artifactId>lombok</artifactId> </exclude> </excludes> </configuration> </plugin> </plugins> </build> </project>
application.yml
server: port: 8082 spring: rabbitmq: host: localhost password: 123456 port: 5672 username: zjzaki virtual-host: my_vhost
4.2.在rabbitmq-provider中新建config包
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.config; import org.springframework.amqp.core.Binding; import org.springframework.amqp.core.BindingBuilder; import org.springframework.amqp.core.DirectExchange; import org.springframework.amqp.core.Queue; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; /** * @Author zjzaki * @Package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.config * @Date 2023-09-05 21:50:58 * * 1.Spring 要管理交换机以及交换机对应的队列,还有绑定关系 * 2.生产者微服务要向交换机投递消息 * 3.rabbitmq的控制台是否能够接收到消息 * 4.消费者微服务能够消费消息 */ @Configuration public class RabbitmqDirectConfig { @Bean public DirectExchange directExchange(){ return new DirectExchange("zjzaki-direct-exchange"); } @Bean public Queue directQueue(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-direct-queue"); } @Bean public Binding directBinding(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(directQueue()) .to(directExchange()) .with("orange"); } }
4.3.rabbitmq-provider新建controller包
SendMessageController.java
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.controller; import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * @Author zjzaki * @Package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.controller * @Date 2023-09-05 22:23:29 */ @RestController public class SendMessageController { @Autowired private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate; @RequestMapping("/direct") public String directMsg(String rk) { Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("msg", "此消息为[直连交换机]路由过来的"); map.put("time", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())); rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("zjzaki-direct-exchange", rk, map); return "ok"; } }
4.4.访问 http://localhost:8081/direct
访问 http://localhost:8081/direct?rk=orange
4.5.rabbitmq-consumer新建config包
新建 DirectReceiver.java
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqconsumer.config; import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitHandler; import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.annotation.RabbitListener; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import java.util.Map; @Component @RabbitListener(queues = {"zjzaki-direct-queue"}) public class DirectReceiver { // @RabbitListener(queues = {"direct-queue"}) @RabbitHandler public void handler(Map msg) { System.out.println(msg); } }
重启项目
4.6.主题交换机
1.新建RabbitTopicConfig.java
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.config; import org.springframework.amqp.core.*; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; /** * @Author zjzaki * @Package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.config * @Date 2023-09-05 22:46:43 */ @Configuration public class RabbitTopicConfig { @Bean public TopicExchange topicExchange(){ return new TopicExchange("zjzaki-topic-exchange"); } @Bean public Queue directQueue1(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-direct-queue1"); } @Bean public Queue directQueue2(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-direct-queue2"); } @Bean public Queue directQueue3(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-direct-queue3"); } @Bean public Binding directBinding1(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(directQueue1()) .to(topicExchange()) .with("zjzaki.xx"); } @Bean public Binding directBinding2(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(directQueue2()) .to(topicExchange()) .with("zjzaki.yy"); } @Bean public Binding directBinding3(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(directQueue3()) .to(topicExchange()) .with("zjzaki.*"); } }
2.controller中添加方法
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.controller; import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * @Author zjzaki * @Package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.controller * @Date 2023-09-05 22:23:29 */ @RestController public class SendMessageController { @Autowired private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate; @RequestMapping("/direct") public String directMsg(String rk) { Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("msg", "此消息为[直连交换机]路由过来的"); map.put("time", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())); rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("zjzaki-direct-exchange", rk, map); return "ok"; } @RequestMapping("/topic") public String topic(String rk) { Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("msg", "此消息为[主题交换机]路由过来的"); map.put("time", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())); rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("zjzaki-topic-exchange1", rk, map); return "ok"; } }
3.浏览器访问 http://localhost:8081/topic?rk=zjzaki.xx
4.浏览器访问 http://localhost:8081/topic?rk=zjzaki.yy
5.浏览器访问 http://localhost:8081/topic?rk=zjzaki.zz
4.7.扇形交换机
添加RabbitmqFanoutConfig.java
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.config; import org.springframework.amqp.core.*; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; /** * @Author zjzaki * @Package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.config * @Date 2023-09-05 23:03:56 */ @Configuration public class RabbitmqFanoutConfig { @Bean public FanoutExchange fanoutExchange(){ return new FanoutExchange("zjzaki-fanout-exchange"); } @Bean public Queue fanoutQueue1(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-fanout-queue1"); } @Bean public Queue fanoutQueue2(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-fanout-queue2"); } @Bean public Queue fanoutQueue3(){ return new Queue("zjzaki-fanout-queue3"); } @Bean public Binding fanoutBinding1(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(fanoutQueue1()) .to(fanoutExchange()); } @Bean public Binding fanoutBinding2(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(fanoutQueue2()) .to(fanoutExchange()); } @Bean public Binding fanoutBinding3(){ return BindingBuilder .bind(fanoutQueue3()) .to(fanoutExchange()); } }
SendMessageController添加内容
package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.controller; import org.springframework.amqp.rabbit.core.RabbitTemplate; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; import java.util.HashMap; import java.util.Map; /** * @Author zjzaki * @Package com.zjzaki.rabbitmqprovider.controller * @Date 2023-09-05 22:23:29 */ @RestController public class SendMessageController { @Autowired private RabbitTemplate rabbitTemplate; @RequestMapping("/direct") public String directMsg(String rk) { Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("msg", "此消息为[直连交换机]路由过来的"); map.put("time", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())); rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("zjzaki-direct-exchange", rk, map); return "ok"; } @RequestMapping("/topic") public String topic(String rk) { Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("msg", "此消息为[主题交换机]路由过来的"); map.put("time", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())); rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("zjzaki-topic-exchange", rk, map); return "ok"; } @RequestMapping("/fanout") public String fanoutMsg(String rk) { Map map = new HashMap<>(); map.put("msg", "此消息为[扇形交换机]路由过来的"); map.put("time", new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss").format(new Date())); rabbitTemplate.convertAndSend("zjzaki-fanout-exchange", rk, map); return "ok"; } }
访问: http://localhost:8081/fanout