前言
本文从零到一,手把手实现一个内存池。
比较出名的内存池有jemalloc和tcmalloc,这两个都是全局内存池,比较推荐使用tcmalloc。
本专栏知识点是通过零声教育的线上课学习,进行梳理总结写下文章,对c/c++linux课程感兴趣的读者,可以点击链接 C/C++后台高级服务器课程介绍 详细查看课程的服务。
为什么要用内存池
为什么要用内存池?首先,在7 * 24h的服务器中如果不使用内存池,而使用malloc和free,那么就非常容易产生内存碎片,早晚都会申请内存失败;并且在比较复杂的代码或者继承的屎山中,非常容易出现内存泄漏导致oom的问题。
为了解决这两个问题,内存池就应运而生了。内存池预先分配一大块内存来做一个内存池,业务中的内存分配和释放都由这个内存池来管理,内存池内的内存不足时其内部会自己申请。所以内存碎片的问题就交由内存池的算法来优化,而内存泄漏的问题只需要遵守内存池提供的api,就非常容易避免内存泄漏了。
即使出现了内存泄漏,排查的思路也很清晰。1.检查是不是内存池的问题;2.如果不是内存池的问题,就检查是不是第三方库的内存泄漏。
内存池的使用场景
- 全局内存池
- 一个连接一个内存池(本文实现这个场景的内存池)
设计一个内存池
总体介绍
由于本文是一个连接一个内存池
,所以后续介绍和代码都是以4k为分界线
,大于4k的我们认为是大块内存;小于4k的我们认为是小块内存。并且注意这里的4k,并不是严格遵照4096,而是在描述上,用4k比较好描述。
在真正使用内存之前,内存池提前分配一定数量且大小相等的内存块以作备用,当真正被用户调用api分配内存的时候,直接从内存块中获取内存(指小块内存),当内存块不够用了,再有内存池取申请新的内存块。而如果是需要大块内存,则内存池直接申请大块内存再返回给用户。
内存池:就是将这些提前申请的内存块组织管理起来的数据结构
,内存池实现原理主要分为分配,回收,扩容
三部分。
内存池原理之小块内存
:分配=> 内存池预申请一块4k的内存块,这里称为block,即block=4k内存块。当用户向内存池申请内存size小于4k时,内存池从block的空间中划分出去size空间,当再有新申请时,再划分出去。扩容=> 直到block中的剩余空间不足以分配size大小,那么此时内存池会再次申请一块block,再从新的block中划分size空间给用户。回收=> 每一次申请小内存,都会在对应的block中引用计数加1,每一次释放小内存时,都会在block中引用计数减1,只有当引用计数为零的时候,才会回收block使他重新成为空闲空间,以便重复利用空间。这样,内存池避免频繁向内核申请/释放内存,从而提高系统性能。
内存池原理之大块内存
:分配=> 因为大块内存是大于4k的,所以内存池不预先申请内存,也就是用户申请的时候,内存池再申请内存,然后返回给用户。扩容=> 大块内存不存在扩容。回收=> 对于大块内存来说,回收就直接free掉即可。
上面理论讲完了,下面来介绍如何管理小块内存和大块内存。
小块内存的分配与管理
在创建内存池的时候,会预先申请一块4k的内存,并且在起始处将pool的结构体和node的结构体放进去,从last开始一直到end都是空闲内存,<last , end >中间的区域就用来存储小块内存。每一次mp_malloc,就将last指针后移,直到 e n d − l a s t < s i z e end - last < sizeend−last<size 时,进行扩容,将新block的last后移即可。
- 初始状态
- 分配内存
- 扩容
大块内存的分配与管理
对于大块内存,前面已经说了,用户申请的时候,内存池才申请
- 申请一块大内存
- 再申请一块大内存
内存池代码实现
向外提供的api
- mp_create_pool:创建一个线程池,其核心是创建struct mp_pool_s这个结构体,并申请4k内存,将各个指针指向上文初始状态的图一样。
- mp_destroy_pool:销毁内存池,遍历小块结构体和大块结构体,进行free释放内存
- mp_malloc:提供给用户申请内存的api
- mp_calloc:通过mp_malloc申请内存后置零,相当于calloc
- mp_free:释放由mp_malloc返回的内存
- mp_reset_pool:将block的last置为初始状态,销毁所有大块内存
- monitor_mp_poll:监控内存池状态
struct mp_pool_s *mp_create_pool(size_t size); void mp_destroy_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool); void *mp_malloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size); void *mp_calloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size); void mp_free(struct mp_pool_s *pool, void *p); void mp_reset_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool); void monitor_mp_poll(struct mp_pool_s *pool, char *tk);
相关结构体的定义
mp_pool_s 就是整个内存池的管理结构,我们做的内存池是一个连接一个内存池,所以对于整个程序而言,内存池对象是有很多个的。
可能读者会有疑问,有了head,为什么还有current,是因为如果一个block剩余空间小于size超过一定次数后,将current指向下一个block,这样就加快内存分配效率,减少遍历次数。
//每4k一block结点 struct mp_node_s { unsigned char *end;//块的结尾 unsigned char *last;//使用到哪了 struct mp_node_s *next;//链表 int quote;//引用计数 int failed;//失效次数 }; struct mp_large_s { struct mp_large_s *next;//链表 int size;//alloc的大小 void *alloc;//大块内存的起始地址 }; struct mp_pool_s { struct mp_large_s *large; struct mp_node_s *head; struct mp_node_s *current; };
内存对齐
访问速度是内存对齐的原因之一,另外一个原因是某些平台(arm)不支持未内存对齐的访问
在4k里面划分内存,那么必然有很多地方是不对齐的,所以这里提供两个内存对齐的函数。那么为什么要内存对齐呢?其一:提高访问速度;其二:某些平台arm不支持未对其的内存访问,会出错。
#define mp_align(n, alignment) (((n)+(alignment-1)) & ~(alignment-1)) #define mp_align_ptr(p, alignment) (void *)((((size_t)p)+(alignment-1)) & ~(alignment-1))
创建与销毁内存池
创建一个线程池,其核心是创建struct mp_pool_s这个结构体,并申请4k内存,将各个指针指向上文初始状态的图一样。
销毁内存池,遍历小块结构体和大块结构体,进行free释放内存。
//创建内存池 struct mp_pool_s *mp_create_pool(size_t size) { struct mp_pool_s *pool; if (size < PAGE_SIZE || size % PAGE_SIZE != 0) { size = PAGE_SIZE; } //分配4k以上不用malloc,用posix_memalign /* int posix_memalign (void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size); */ int ret = posix_memalign((void **) &pool, MP_ALIGNMENT, size); //4K + mp_pool_s if (ret) { return NULL; } pool->large = NULL; pool->current = pool->head = (unsigned char *) pool + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s); pool->head->last = (unsigned char *) pool + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s) + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); pool->head->end = (unsigned char *) pool + PAGE_SIZE; pool->head->failed = 0; return pool; } //销毁内存池 void mp_destroy_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool) { struct mp_large_s *large; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { if (large->alloc) { free(large->alloc); } } struct mp_node_s *cur, *next; cur = pool->head->next; while (cur) { next = cur->next; free(cur); cur = next; } free(pool); }
提供给用户的内存申请api
申请的内存以size做区分,如果大于4k就分配大块内存,小于4k就去block里面划分。
//分配内存 void *mp_malloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { if (size <= 0) { return NULL; } if (size > PAGE_SIZE - sizeof(struct mp_node_s)) { //large return mp_malloc_large(pool, size); } else { //small unsigned char *mem_addr = NULL; struct mp_node_s *cur = NULL; cur = pool->current; while (cur) { mem_addr = mp_align_ptr(cur->last, MP_ALIGNMENT); if (cur->end - mem_addr >= size) { cur->quote++;//引用+1 cur->last = mem_addr + size; return mem_addr; } else { cur = cur->next; } } return mp_malloc_block(pool, size);// open new space } } void *mp_calloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { void *mem_addr = mp_malloc(pool, size); if (mem_addr) { memset(mem_addr, 0, size); } return mem_addr; }
小块内存block扩容
所有的block都 e n d − l a s t < s i z e end - last < sizeend−last<size 时,进行扩容,将新block的last后移即可。
//new block 4k void *mp_malloc_block(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { unsigned char *block; int ret = posix_memalign((void **) &block, MP_ALIGNMENT, PAGE_SIZE); //4K if (ret) { return NULL; } struct mp_node_s *new_node = (struct mp_node_s *) block; new_node->end = block + PAGE_SIZE; new_node->next = NULL; unsigned char *ret_addr = mp_align_ptr(block + sizeof(struct mp_node_s), MP_ALIGNMENT); new_node->last = ret_addr + size; new_node->quote++; struct mp_node_s *current = pool->current; struct mp_node_s *cur = NULL; for (cur = current; cur->next; cur = cur->next) { if (cur->failed++ > 4) { current = cur->next; } } //now cur = last node cur->next = new_node; pool->current = current; return ret_addr; }
分配大块内存
//size>4k void *mp_malloc_large(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { unsigned char *big_addr; int ret = posix_memalign((void **) &big_addr, MP_ALIGNMENT, size); //size if (ret) { return NULL; } struct mp_large_s *large; //released struct large resume int n = 0; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { if (large->alloc == NULL) { large->size = size; large->alloc = big_addr; return big_addr; } if (n++ > 3) { break;// 为了避免过多的遍历,限制次数 } } large = mp_malloc(pool, sizeof(struct mp_large_s)); if (large == NULL) { free(big_addr); return NULL; } large->size = size; large->alloc = big_addr; large->next = pool->large; pool->large = large; return big_addr; }
释放内存
如果是大块内存,找到之后直接释放;如果是小块内存,将引用计数减1,如果引用计数为0则重置last。
//释放内存 void mp_free(struct mp_pool_s *pool, void *p) { struct mp_large_s *large; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) {//大块 if (p == large->alloc) { free(large->alloc); large->size = 0; large->alloc = NULL; return; } } //小块 引用-1 struct mp_node_s *cur = NULL; for (cur = pool->head; cur; cur = cur->next) { // printf("cur:%p p:%p end:%p\n", (unsigned char *) cur, (unsigned char *) p, (unsigned char *) cur->end); if ((unsigned char *) cur <= (unsigned char *) p && (unsigned char *) p <= (unsigned char *) cur->end) { cur->quote--; if (cur->quote == 0) { if (cur == pool->head) { pool->head->last = (unsigned char *) pool + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s) + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); } else { cur->last = (unsigned char *) cur + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); } cur->failed = 0; pool->current = pool->head; } return; } } }
内存池测试
// // Created by 68725 on 2022/7/26. // #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <string.h> #define PAGE_SIZE 4096 #define MP_ALIGNMENT 16 #define mp_align(n, alignment) (((n)+(alignment-1)) & ~(alignment-1)) #define mp_align_ptr(p, alignment) (void *)((((size_t)p)+(alignment-1)) & ~(alignment-1)) //每4k一block结点 struct mp_node_s { unsigned char *end;//块的结尾 unsigned char *last;//使用到哪了 struct mp_node_s *next;//链表 int quote;//引用计数 int failed;//失效次数 }; struct mp_large_s { struct mp_large_s *next;//链表 int size;//alloc的大小 void *alloc;//大块内存的起始地址 }; struct mp_pool_s { struct mp_large_s *large; struct mp_node_s *head; struct mp_node_s *current; }; struct mp_pool_s *mp_create_pool(size_t size); void mp_destroy_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool); void *mp_malloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size); void *mp_calloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size); void mp_free(struct mp_pool_s *pool, void *p); void mp_reset_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool); void monitor_mp_poll(struct mp_pool_s *pool, char *tk); void mp_reset_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool) { struct mp_node_s *cur; struct mp_large_s *large; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { if (large->alloc) { free(large->alloc); } } pool->large = NULL; pool->current = pool->head; for (cur = pool->head; cur; cur = cur->next) { cur->last = (unsigned char *) cur + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); cur->failed = 0; cur->quote = 0; } } //创建内存池 struct mp_pool_s *mp_create_pool(size_t size) { struct mp_pool_s *pool; if (size < PAGE_SIZE || size % PAGE_SIZE != 0) { size = PAGE_SIZE; } //分配4k以上不用malloc,用posix_memalign /* int posix_memalign (void **memptr, size_t alignment, size_t size); */ int ret = posix_memalign((void **) &pool, MP_ALIGNMENT, size); //4K + mp_pool_s if (ret) { return NULL; } pool->large = NULL; pool->current = pool->head = (unsigned char *) pool + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s); pool->head->last = (unsigned char *) pool + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s) + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); pool->head->end = (unsigned char *) pool + PAGE_SIZE; pool->head->failed = 0; return pool; } //销毁内存池 void mp_destroy_pool(struct mp_pool_s *pool) { struct mp_large_s *large; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { if (large->alloc) { free(large->alloc); } } struct mp_node_s *cur, *next; cur = pool->head->next; while (cur) { next = cur->next; free(cur); cur = next; } free(pool); } //size>4k void *mp_malloc_large(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { unsigned char *big_addr; int ret = posix_memalign((void **) &big_addr, MP_ALIGNMENT, size); //size if (ret) { return NULL; } struct mp_large_s *large; //released struct large resume int n = 0; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { if (large->alloc == NULL) { large->size = size; large->alloc = big_addr; return big_addr; } if (n++ > 3) { break;// 为了避免过多的遍历,限制次数 } } large = mp_malloc(pool, sizeof(struct mp_large_s)); if (large == NULL) { free(big_addr); return NULL; } large->size = size; large->alloc = big_addr; large->next = pool->large; pool->large = large; return big_addr; } //new block 4k void *mp_malloc_block(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { unsigned char *block; int ret = posix_memalign((void **) &block, MP_ALIGNMENT, PAGE_SIZE); //4K if (ret) { return NULL; } struct mp_node_s *new_node = (struct mp_node_s *) block; new_node->end = block + PAGE_SIZE; new_node->next = NULL; unsigned char *ret_addr = mp_align_ptr(block + sizeof(struct mp_node_s), MP_ALIGNMENT); new_node->last = ret_addr + size; new_node->quote++; struct mp_node_s *current = pool->current; struct mp_node_s *cur = NULL; for (cur = current; cur->next; cur = cur->next) { if (cur->failed++ > 4) { current = cur->next; } } //now cur = last node cur->next = new_node; pool->current = current; return ret_addr; } //分配内存 void *mp_malloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { if (size <= 0) { return NULL; } if (size > PAGE_SIZE - sizeof(struct mp_node_s)) { //large return mp_malloc_large(pool, size); } else { //small unsigned char *mem_addr = NULL; struct mp_node_s *cur = NULL; cur = pool->current; while (cur) { mem_addr = mp_align_ptr(cur->last, MP_ALIGNMENT); if (cur->end - mem_addr >= size) { cur->quote++;//引用+1 cur->last = mem_addr + size; return mem_addr; } else { cur = cur->next; } } return mp_malloc_block(pool, size);// open new space } } void *mp_calloc(struct mp_pool_s *pool, size_t size) { void *mem_addr = mp_malloc(pool, size); if (mem_addr) { memset(mem_addr, 0, size); } return mem_addr; } //释放内存 void mp_free(struct mp_pool_s *pool, void *p) { struct mp_large_s *large; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) {//大块 if (p == large->alloc) { free(large->alloc); large->size = 0; large->alloc = NULL; return; } } //小块 引用-1 struct mp_node_s *cur = NULL; for (cur = pool->head; cur; cur = cur->next) { // printf("cur:%p p:%p end:%p\n", (unsigned char *) cur, (unsigned char *) p, (unsigned char *) cur->end); if ((unsigned char *) cur <= (unsigned char *) p && (unsigned char *) p <= (unsigned char *) cur->end) { cur->quote--; if (cur->quote == 0) { if (cur == pool->head) { pool->head->last = (unsigned char *) pool + sizeof(struct mp_pool_s) + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); } else { cur->last = (unsigned char *) cur + sizeof(struct mp_node_s); } cur->failed = 0; pool->current = pool->head; } return; } } } void monitor_mp_poll(struct mp_pool_s *pool, char *tk) { printf("\r\n\r\n------start monitor poll------%s\r\n\r\n", tk); struct mp_node_s *head = NULL; int i = 0; for (head = pool->head; head; head = head->next) { i++; if (pool->current == head) { printf("current==>第%d块\n", i); } if (i == 1) { printf("第%02d块small block 已使用:%4ld 剩余空间:%4ld 引用:%4d failed:%4d\n", i, (unsigned char *) head->last - (unsigned char *) pool, head->end - head->last, head->quote, head->failed); } else { printf("第%02d块small block 已使用:%4ld 剩余空间:%4ld 引用:%4d failed:%4d\n", i, (unsigned char *) head->last - (unsigned char *) head, head->end - head->last, head->quote, head->failed); } } struct mp_large_s *large; i = 0; for (large = pool->large; large; large = large->next) { i++; if (large->alloc != NULL) { printf("第%d块large block size=%d\n", i, large->size); } } printf("\r\n\r\n------stop monitor poll------\r\n\r\n"); } int main() { struct mp_pool_s *p = mp_create_pool(PAGE_SIZE); monitor_mp_poll(p, "create memory pool"); #if 0 printf("mp_align(5, %d): %d, mp_align(17, %d): %d\n", MP_ALIGNMENT, mp_align(5, MP_ALIGNMENT), MP_ALIGNMENT, mp_align(17, MP_ALIGNMENT)); printf("mp_align_ptr(p->current, %d): %p, p->current: %p\n", MP_ALIGNMENT, mp_align_ptr(p->current, MP_ALIGNMENT), p->current); #endif void *mp[30]; int i; for (i = 0; i < 30; i++) { mp[i] = mp_malloc(p, 512); } monitor_mp_poll(p, "申请512字节30个"); for (i = 0; i < 30; i++) { mp_free(p, mp[i]); } monitor_mp_poll(p, "销毁512字节30个"); int j; for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) { char *pp = mp_calloc(p, 32); for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) { if (pp[j]) { printf("calloc wrong\n"); exit(-1); } } } monitor_mp_poll(p, "申请32字节50个"); for (i = 0; i < 50; i++) { char *pp = mp_malloc(p, 3); } monitor_mp_poll(p, "申请3字节50个"); void *pp[10]; for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { pp[i] = mp_malloc(p, 5120); } monitor_mp_poll(p, "申请大内存5120字节10个"); for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) { mp_free(p, pp[i]); } monitor_mp_poll(p, "销毁大内存5120字节10个"); mp_reset_pool(p); monitor_mp_poll(p, "reset pool"); for (i = 0; i < 100; i++) { void *s = mp_malloc(p, 256); } monitor_mp_poll(p, "申请256字节100个"); mp_destroy_pool(p); return 0; }
nginx内存池对比分析
相关结构体定义对比
创建内存池对比
内存申请对比