之前的文章中我们分享了很多Selenium的使用知识，它功能的确非常强大，但Selenium 也不是完美的，实际使用中有些地方还是不方便，比如环境的配置，得安装好相关浏览器，比如 Chrome、Firefox 等等，然后还要到官方网站去下载对应的驱动，最重要的还需要安装对应的 Python Selenium 库，而且版本也得好好看看是否对应，确实不是很方便，另外如果要做大规模部署的话，环境配置的一些问题也是个头疼的事情。
所以今天我们就给大家介绍一个类似的替代品，叫作 Pyppeteer，那Pyppeteer 又是什么呢？它实际上是 Puppeteer 的 Python 版本的实现，但它不是 Google 开发的，是一位来自于日本的工程师依据 Puppeteer 的一些功能开发出来的非官方版本。
Pyppeteer 是依赖于 Chromium 这个浏览器来运行的。那么有了 Pyppeteer 之后，我们就可以免去那些烦琐的环境配置等问题。如果第一次运行的时候，Chromium 浏览器没有安装，那么程序会帮我们自动安装和配置，就免去了烦琐的环境配置等工作。另外 Pyppeteer 是基于 Python 的新特性 async 实现的，所以它的一些执行也支持异步操作，效率相对于 Selenium 来说也提高了。
那么下面就让我们来一起了解下 Pyppeteer 的相关用法吧。
代理写法，亿牛云代理隧道代码
```#! -- encoding:utf-8 --
import requests
import random
# 要访问的目标页面
targetUrl = "http://httpbin.org/ip"
# 要访问的目标HTTPS页面
# targetUrl = "https://httpbin.org/ip"
# 代理服务器(产品官网 www.16yun.cn)
proxyHost = "t.16yun.cn"
proxyPort = "31111"
# 代理验证信息
proxyUser = "username"
proxyPass = "password"
```
pyppeteer使用隧道代理demo
``` #! -- encoding:utf-8 --
import websockets
from scrapy.http import HtmlResponse
from logging import getLogger
import asyncio
import pyppeteer
import logging
from concurrent.futures._base import TimeoutError
import base64
import sys
import random
pyppeteer_level = logging.WARNING
logging.getLogger('websockets.protocol').setLevel(pyppeteer_level)
logging.getLogger('pyppeteer').setLevel(pyppeteer_level)
PY3 = sys.version_info[0] >= 3
def base64ify(bytes_or_str):
if PY3 and isinstance(bytes_or_str, str):
input_bytes = bytes_or_str.encode('utf8')
else:
input_bytes = bytes_or_str
output_bytes = base64.urlsafe_b64encode(input_bytes)
if PY3:
return output_bytes.decode('ascii')
else:
return output_bytes
class ProxyMiddleware(object):
# 加载随机UserAgent(根据需求)
# USER_AGENT = open('useragents.txt').readlines()
def process_request(self, request, spider):
# 代理服务器
proxyHost = "t.16yun.cn"
proxyPort = "31111"
# 代理验证信息
proxyUser = "username"
proxyPass = "password"
request.meta['proxy'] = "http://{0}:{1}".format(proxyHost, proxyPort)
# 添加验证头
encoded_user_pass = base64ify(proxyUser + ":" + proxyPass)
request.headers['Proxy-Authorization'] = 'Basic ' + encoded_user_pass
# 设置IP切换头(根据需求)
tunnel = random.randint(1, 10000)
request.headers['Proxy-Tunnel'] = str(tunnel)
# 设置随机UserAgent(根据需求)
# request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(self.USER_AGENT)
class PyppeteerMiddleware(object):
def __init__(self, **args):
"""
init logger, loop, browser
:param args:
"""
self.logger = getLogger(__name__)
self.loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
self.browser = self.loop.run_until_complete(
pyppeteer.launch(headless=True))
self.args = args
def __del__(self):
"""
close loop
:return:
"""
self.loop.close()
def render(self, url, retries=1, script=None, wait=0.3, scrolldown=False, sleep=0,
timeout=8.0, keep_page=False):
"""
render page with pyppeteer
:param url: page url
:param retries: max retry times
:param script: js script to evaluate
:param wait: number of seconds to wait before loading the page, preventing timeouts
:param scrolldown: how many times to page down
:param sleep: how many long to sleep after initial render
:param timeout: the longest wait time, otherwise raise timeout error
:param keep_page: keep page not to be closed, browser object needed
:param browser: pyppetter browser object
:param with_result: return with js evaluation result
:return: content, [result]
"""
# define async render
async def async_render(url, script, scrolldown, sleep, wait, timeout, keep_page):
try:
# basic render
page = await self.browser.newPage()
await asyncio.sleep(wait)
response = await page.goto(url, options={'timeout': int(timeout * 1000)})
if response.status != 200:
return None, None, response.status
result = None
# evaluate with script
if script:
result = await page.evaluate(script)
# scroll down for {scrolldown} times
if scrolldown:
for _ in range(scrolldown):
await page._keyboard.down('PageDown')
await asyncio.sleep(sleep)
else:
await asyncio.sleep(sleep)
if scrolldown:
await page._keyboard.up('PageDown')
# get html of page
content = await page.content()
return content, result, response.status
except TimeoutError:
return None, None, 500
finally:
# if keep page, do not close it
if not keep_page:
await page.close()
content, result, status = [None] * 3
# retry for {retries} times
for i in range(retries):
if not content:
content, result, status = self.loop.run_until_complete(
async_render(url=url, script=script, sleep=sleep, wait=wait,
scrolldown=scrolldown, timeout=timeout, keep_page=keep_page))
else:
break
# if need to return js evaluation result
return content, result, status
def process_request(self, request, spider):
"""
:param request: request object
:param spider: spider object
:return: HtmlResponse
"""
if request.meta.get('render'):
try:
self.logger.debug('rendering %s', request.url)
html, result, status = self.render(request.url)
return HtmlResponse(url=request.url, body=html, request=request, encoding='utf-8',
status=status)
except websockets.exceptions.ConnectionClosed:
pass
@classmethod
def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
return cls(**crawler.settings.get('PYPPETEER_ARGS', {}))
