【Leetcode 346/700】79. 单词搜索 【中等】 回溯深度搜索JavaScript版

1.题目

n 二维字符网格 board 和一个字符串单词 word 。如果 word 存在于网格中，返回 true ；否则，返回 false 。

单词必须按照字母顺序，通过相邻的单元格内的字母构成，其中“相邻”单元格是那些水平相邻或垂直相邻的单元格。同一个单元格内的字母不允许被重复使用。
示例 1：

输入：board = [["A","B","C","E"],["S","F","C","S"],["A","D","E","E"]], word = "ABCCED"
输出：true

示例 2：

输入：board = [["A","B","C","E"],["S","F","C","S"],["A","D","E","E"]], word = "SEE"
输出：true

示例 3：

输入：board = [["A","B","C","E"],["S","F","C","S"],["A","D","E","E"]], word = "ABCB"
输出：false

提示：

    m == board.length
    n = board[i].length
    1 <= m, n <= 6
    1 <= word.length <= 15
    board 和 word 仅由大小写英文字母组成

2解题思路

1. 遍历 board 所有元素，找到 word的第一个相同的元素，并且进行标记 （marked）,进入递归去找接下来的第二个字符，接着第三个字母。如果没找到，返回 false;
2. 在设定的边界内进行回溯搜索，即上下左右进行搜索下一个字符。找到了进入新的递归，没有找到的话，直接返回false;

3.解题注意点

1. 及时进行标记字符的状态，是已经访问了，还是未访问；
2. 如果最后所有的字符串截取完了，说明已经找到符合的答案啦，直接返回true;

4.解题代码

/**
 * @param {character[][]} board
 * @param {string} word
 * @return {boolean}
 */
var exist = function (board, word) {
    let border = [[0, 1], [0, -1], [1, 0], [-1, 0]], //定义上下左右四个方向
        col = board.length, //行数
        row = board[0].length, //列数
        marked = [...Array(col)].map(v => Array(row).fill()); //同行列空矩阵，用于记录已经访问的
        //空数组直接返回false
    if (!col) return false;
    let backTracing = (i, j, markeds, boards, words) => {
        //截取所有的字符，说明已经找到
        if (!words.length) {
            return true;
        }
        for (let p = 0; p < border.length; p++) {
            let curi = i + border[p][0]; //左右方向
            let curj = j + border[p][1]; //上下方向
            //判断边界，且找到了第一个字符
            if ((curi >= 0 && curi < col) && (curj >= 0 && curj < row && boards[curi][curj] == words[0])) {
                //已经用过，直接跳过
                if (markeds[curi][curj] == 1) {
                    continue
                }
                //标记为已使用
                markeds[curi][curj] = 1;
                //接着找下一个字符
                if (backTracing(curi, curj, markeds, boards, words.substring(1))) {
                    return true
                } else {
                    //使用完重置掉
                    markeds[curi][curj] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
        return false
    }
    for (let i = 0; i < col; i++) {
        for (let j = 0; j < row; j++) {
            if (board[i][j] === word[0]) {
                //找到第一个字符，标记为已经使用
                marked[i][j] = 1;
                //进入回溯
                if (backTracing(i, j, marked, board, word.substring(1))) {
                    return true
                } else {
                    //重置状态
                    marked[i][j] = 0;
                }
            }
        }
    }
    return false
};
//测试用例 1
let board = [["A", "B", "C", "E"], ["S", "F", "C", "S"], ["A", "D", "E", "E"]], word = "ABCCED";
//测试用例2
let board1 = [["A", "B", "C", "E"], ["S", "F", "C", "S"], ["A", "D", "E", "E"]], word1 = "SEE"
//测试用例3
let board2 = [["A", "B", "C", "E"], ["S", "F", "C", "S"], ["A", "D", "E", "E"]], word2 = "ABCB"
console.log(exist(board, word))  //true
console.log(exist(board1, word1)) //true
console.log(exist(board2, word2)) //false