1.概述
Valgrind是一款用于内存调试、内存泄漏检测以及性能分析的软件开发工具。
Valgrind 发行版目前包括七个生产质量工具:一个内存错误检测器、两个线程错误检测器、一个缓存和分支预测分析器、一个调用图生成缓存和分支预测分析器,以及两个不同的堆分析器。它还包括一个实验性的 SimPoint 基本块矢量生成器。它可在以下平台上运行:X86/Linux、AMD64/Linux、ARM/Linux、ARM64/Linux、PPC32/Linux、PPC64/Linux、PPC64LE/Linux、S390X/Linux、MIPS32/Linux、MIPS64/Linux、X86/Solaris , AMD64/Solaris, ARM/Android (2.3.x 及更高版本), ARM64/Android, X86/Android (4.0 及更高版本), MIPS32/Android, X86/FreeBSD, AMD64/FreeBSD, X86/Darwin 和 AMD64/Darwin (Mac OS X 10.12)
1.1 工具
它一般包含下列工具:
1.Memcheck
最常用的工具,用来检测程序中出现的内存问题,所有对内存的读写都会被检测到,一切对malloc()/free()/new/delete的调用都会被捕获。所以,它能检测以下问题:
- 对未初始化内存的使用;
- 读/写释放后的内存块;
- 读/写超出malloc分配的内存块;
- 读/写不适当的栈中内存块;
- 内存泄漏,指向一块内存的指针永远丢失;
- 不正确的malloc/free或new/delete匹配;
- memcpy()相关函数中的dst和src指针重叠。
2.Callgrind
和gprof类似的分析工具,但它对程序的运行观察更是入微,能给我们提供更多的信息。和gprof不同,它不需要在编译源代码时附加特殊选项,但加上调试选项是推荐的。Callgrind收集程序运行时的一些数据,建立函数调用关系图,还可以有选择地进行cache模拟。在运行结束时,它会把分析数据写入一个文件。callgrind_annotate可以把这个文件的内容转化成可读的形式。
3.Cachegrind
Cache分析器,它模拟CPU中的一级缓存I1,Dl和二级缓存,能够精确地指出程序中cache的丢失和命中。如果需要,它还能够为我们提供cache丢失次数,内存引用次数,以及每行代码,每个函数,每个模块,整个程序产生的指令数。这对优化程序有很大的帮助。
4.Helgrind
它主要用来检查多线程程序中出现的竞争问题。Helgrind寻找内存中被多个线程访问,而又没有一贯加锁的区域,这些区域往往是线程之间失去同步的地方,而且会导致难以发掘的错误。Helgrind实现了名为“Eraser”的竞争检测算法,并做了进一步改进,减少了报告错误的次数。不过,Helgrind仍然处于实验阶段。
5.Massif
堆栈分析器,它能测量程序在堆栈中使用了多少内存,告诉我们堆块,堆管理块和栈的大小。Massif能帮助我们减少内存的使用,在带有虚拟内存的现代系统中,它还能够加速我们程序的运行,减少程序停留在交换区中的几率。
此外,lackey和nulgrind也会提供。Lackey是小型工具,很少用到;Nulgrind只是为开发者展示如何创建一个工具。
1.2原理
Memcheck 能够检测出内存问题,关键在于其建立了两个全局表。
Valid-Value 表
对于进程的整个地址空间中的每一个字节(byte),都有与之对应的 8 个 bits;对于CPU的每个寄存器,也有一个与之对应的bit向量。这些bits负责记录该字节或者寄存器值是否具有有效的、已初始化的值。
Valid-Address 表
对于进程整个地址空间中的每一个字节(byte),还有与之对应的1个bit,负责记录该地址是否能够被读写。
检测原理:
当要读写内存中某个字节时,首先检查这个字节对应的 A bit。如果该A bit显示该位置是无效位置,memcheck则报告读写错误。
内核(core)类似于一个虚拟的 CPU 环境,这样当内存中的某个字节被加载到真实的 CPU 中时,该字节对应的 V bit 也被加载到虚拟的 CPU 环境中。一旦寄存器中的值,被用来产生内存地址,或者该值能够影响程序输出,则 memcheck 会检查对应的V bits,如果该值尚未初始化,则会报告使用未初始化内存错误。
2.安装使用
2.1下载
去官网https://valgrind.org/下载最新版本
centos下载:
yum install valgrind
Ubuntu下载
sudo apt-get install valgrind
2.2使用
用法:valgrind[options] prog-and-args [options]:
常用选项,适用于所有Valgrind工具
-tool=<name> 最常用的选项。运行 valgrind中名为toolname的工具。默认memcheck。
h –help 显示帮助信息。
-version 显示valgrind内核的版本,每个工具都有各自的版本。
q –quiet 安静地运行,只打印错误信息。
v –verbose 更详细的信息, 增加错误数统计。
-trace-children=no|yes 跟踪子线程? [no]
-track-fds=no|yes 跟踪打开的文件描述?[no]
-time-stamp=no|yes 增加时间戳到LOG信息? [no]
-log-fd=<number> 输出LOG到描述符文件 [2=stderr]
-log-file=<file> 将输出的信息写入到filename.PID的文件里,PID是运行程序的进行ID
-log-file-exactly=<file> 输出LOG信息到 file
-log-file-qualifier=<VAR> 取得环境变量的值来做为输出信息的文件名。 [none]
-log-socket=ipaddr:port 输出LOG到socket ,ipaddr:port
LOG信息输出:
-xml=yes 将信息以xml格式输出,只有memcheck可用
-num-callers=<number> show <number> callers in stack traces [12]
-error-limit=no|yes 如果太多错误,则停止显示新错误? [yes]
-error-exitcode=<number> 如果发现错误则返回错误代码 [0=disable]
-db-attach=no|yes 当出现错误,valgrind会自动启动调试器gdb。[no]
-db-command=<command> 启动调试器的命令行选项[gdb -nw %f %p]
适用于Memcheck工具的相关选项:
-leak-check=no|summary|full 要求对leak给出详细信息? [summary]
-leak-resolution=low|med|high how much bt merging in leak check [low]
-show-reachable=no|yes show reachable blocks in leak check? [no]
3.应用例子
3.1数组越界
malloc1.c #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { int *x = malloc(8*sizeof(int)); x[9] = 0; // 数组下标越界 free(x); return 0; }
编译:
gcc -Wall malloc1.c -g -o malloc1
使用Valgrind检查程序BUG:
# --leak-check=full 所有泄露检查 valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc1
运行结果:
[root@hackett valgrind]# valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc1 ==550168== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==550168== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==550168== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==550168== Command: ./malloc1 ==550168== ==550168== Invalid write of size 4 ==550168== at 0x4005FB: main (malloc1.c:7) ==550168== Address 0x520b064 is 4 bytes after a block of size 32 alloc'd ==550168== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550168== by 0x4005EE: main (malloc1.c:5) ==550168== ==550168== ==550168== HEAP SUMMARY: ==550168== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550168== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 1 frees, 32 bytes allocated ==550168== ==550168== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==550168== ==550168== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==550168== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
分析:
1、每一行开头的数字代表是进程ID,这里的进程ID为550168
2、==550168== Invalid write of size 4
==550168== at 0x4005BB: main (malloc1.c:7)
这两行显示的是错误出现的位置,就是 x 分配了 10 byte 的空间,但是向第 11 个 byte 写数据, 所以就会显示 Invalid write 的错误,代码在malloc1.c的第7行
3.2内存释放后进行读写
malloc2.c #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *p = malloc(1); *p = 'a'; char c = *p; printf("[%c]\n",c); free(p); // 释放 c = *p; //取值 读 return 0; }
编译:
gcc -Wall malloc2.c -g -o malloc2
使用Valgrind检查程序BUG:
# --leak-check=full 所有泄露检查 valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc2
运行结果:
[root@hackett valgrind]# valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc2 ==550063== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==550063== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==550063== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==550063== Command: ./malloc2 ==550063== [a] ==550063== Invalid read of size 1 ==550063== at 0x400679: main (malloc2.c:15) ==550063== Address 0x520b040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 1 free'd ==550063== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550063== by 0x400674: main (malloc2.c:13) ==550063== Block was alloc'd at ==550063== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550063== by 0x40063E: main (malloc2.c:5) ==550063== ==550063== ==550063== HEAP SUMMARY: ==550063== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550063== total heap usage: 2 allocs, 2 frees, 1,025 bytes allocated ==550063== ==550063== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==550063== ==550063== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==550063== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
分析:
1、每一行开头的数字代表是进程ID,这里的进程ID为550063
2、==550063== Invalid read of size 1
==550063== at 0x400679: main (malloc2.c:15)
==550063== Address 0x520b040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 1 free'd
==550063== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755)
==550063== by 0x400674: main (malloc2.c:13)
这五行显示的是错误出现的位置,就是 p指向的内存已经释放了,还对其进行读操作,所以就会显示 Invalid read 的错误,代码在malloc2.c的第15行
3.3无效读写
malloc3.c #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *p = malloc(1); *p = 'a'; char c = *(p+1); // 地址加1 无效读 printf("[%c]\n",c); free(p); // 释放 return 0; }
编译:
gcc -Wall malloc3.c -g -o malloc3
使用Valgrind检查程序BUG:
# --leak-check=full 所有泄露检查 valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc3
运行结果:
[root@iZwz97bu0gr8vx0j8l6kkzZ valgrind]# valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc3 ==550135== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==550135== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==550135== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==550135== Command: ./malloc3 ==550135== ==550135== Invalid read of size 1 ==550135== at 0x40064E: main (malloc3.c:9) ==550135== Address 0x520b041 is 0 bytes after a block of size 1 alloc'd ==550135== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550135== by 0x40063E: main (malloc3.c:5) ==550135== [] ==550135== ==550135== HEAP SUMMARY: ==550135== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550135== total heap usage: 2 allocs, 2 frees, 1,025 bytes allocated ==550135== ==550135== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==550135== ==550135== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==550135== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
分析:
1、每一行开头的数字代表是进程ID,这里的进程ID为550135
2、==550135== Invalid read of size 1
==550135== at 0x40064E: main (malloc3.c:9)
这五行显示的是错误出现的位置,就是对未分配内存的空间进行读取,所以就会显示 Invalid read 的错误,代码在malloc3.c的第9行
3.4内存泄漏
malloc4.c #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *p = malloc(1); *p = 'a'; char c = *p; printf("[%c]\n",c); // 申请后没有释放p 内存泄漏 return 0; }
编译:
gcc -Wall malloc4.c -g -o malloc4
使用Valgrind检查程序BUG:
# --leak-check=full 所有泄露检查 valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc4
运行结果:
[root@hackett valgrind]# valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc4 ==550195== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==550195== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==550195== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==550195== Command: ./malloc4 ==550195== [a] ==550195== ==550195== HEAP SUMMARY: ==550195== in use at exit: 1 bytes in 1 blocks ==550195== total heap usage: 2 allocs, 1 frees, 1,025 bytes allocated ==550195== ==550195== 1 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1 ==550195== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550195== by 0x4005EE: main (malloc4.c:5) ==550195== ==550195== LEAK SUMMARY: ==550195== definitely lost: 1 bytes in 1 blocks ==550195== indirectly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550195== possibly lost: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550195== still reachable: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550195== suppressed: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550195== ==550195== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==550195== ERROR SUMMARY: 1 errors from 1 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
分析:
1、每一行开头的数字代表是进程ID,这里的进程ID为550195
2、==550195== 1 bytes in 1 blocks are definitely lost in loss record 1 of 1
==550195== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380)
==550195== by 0x4005EE: main (malloc4.c:5)
这三行显示的是错误出现的位置,是 stack trace内存泄漏,代码在malloc1.c的第5行,申请了内存没有进行对应的free
3.5内存多次释放
malloc5.c #include <stdio.h> int main(int argc, char **argv) { char *p = malloc(1); *p = 'a'; char c = *p; // 地址加1 printf("[%c]\n",c); free(p); free(p);// 内存多次释放 free(p);// 内存多次释放 return 0; }
编译:
gcc -Wall malloc5.c -g -o malloc5
使用Valgrind检查程序BUG:
# --leak-check=full 所有泄露检查 valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc5
运行结果:
[root@hackett valgrind]# valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc5 ==550227== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==550227== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==550227== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==550227== Command: ./malloc5 ==550227== [a] ==550227== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc() ==550227== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550227== by 0x400680: main (malloc5.c:14) ==550227== Address 0x520b040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 1 free'd ==550227== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550227== by 0x400674: main (malloc5.c:13) ==550227== Block was alloc'd at ==550227== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550227== by 0x40063E: main (malloc5.c:5) ==550227== ==550227== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc() ==550227== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550227== by 0x40068C: main (malloc5.c:15) ==550227== Address 0x520b040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 1 free'd ==550227== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550227== by 0x400674: main (malloc5.c:13) ==550227== Block was alloc'd at ==550227== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550227== by 0x40063E: main (malloc5.c:5) ==550227== ==550227== ==550227== HEAP SUMMARY: ==550227== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550227== total heap usage: 2 allocs, 4 frees, 1,025 bytes allocated ==550227== ==550227== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==550227== ==550227== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==550227== ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
分析:
1、每一行开头的数字代表是进程ID,这里的进程ID为550227
2、==550227== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc()
==550227== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755)
==550227== by 0x400680: main (malloc5.c:14)
这三行显示的是第一个错误出现的位置,就是多次释放内存问题, 所以就会显示 Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc() 的错误,代码在malloc5.c的第14行
3、==550227== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc()
==550227== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755)
==550227== by 0x40068C: main (malloc5.c:15)
这三行显示的是第二个错误出现的位置,就是多次释放内存问题, 所以就会显示 Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc() 的错误,代码在malloc5.c的第15行
3.6动态内存管理
常见的内存分配方式分三种:静态存储,栈上分配,堆上分配。全局变量属于静态存储,它们是在编译时就被分配了存储空间,函数内的局部变量属于栈上分配,而最灵活的内存使用方式当属堆上分配,也叫做内存动态分配了。常用的内存动态分配函数包括:malloc, alloc, realloc, new等,动态释放函数包括free, delete。
一旦成功申请了动态内存,我们就需要自己对其进行内存管理,而这又是最容易犯错误的。
malloc6.c #include <stdio.h> // 内存动态管理 int main(int argc, char **argv) { int i; char *p = (char *)malloc(10); char *pt = p; for(i = 0; i < 10; i++) { p[i] = 'A'+i; } free(p); pt[1] = 'x'; free(pt); return 0; }
编译:
gcc -Wall malloc6.c -g -o malloc6
使用Valgrind检查程序BUG:
# --leak-check=full 所有泄露检查 valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc6
运行结果:
[root@hackett valgrind]# valgrind --tool=memcheck --leak-check=full ./malloc6 ==550239== Memcheck, a memory error detector ==550239== Copyright (C) 2002-2017, and GNU GPL'd, by Julian Seward et al. ==550239== Using Valgrind-3.17.0 and LibVEX; rerun with -h for copyright info ==550239== Command: ./malloc6 ==550239== ==550239== Invalid write of size 1 ==550239== at 0x400639: main (malloc6.c:16) ==550239== Address 0x520b041 is 1 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd ==550239== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550239== by 0x400630: main (malloc6.c:14) ==550239== Block was alloc'd at ==550239== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550239== by 0x4005EE: main (malloc6.c:7) ==550239== ==550239== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc() ==550239== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550239== by 0x400647: main (malloc6.c:18) ==550239== Address 0x520b040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd ==550239== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755) ==550239== by 0x400630: main (malloc6.c:14) ==550239== Block was alloc'd at ==550239== at 0x4C360A5: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:380) ==550239== by 0x4005EE: main (malloc6.c:7) ==550239== ==550239== ==550239== HEAP SUMMARY: ==550239== in use at exit: 0 bytes in 0 blocks ==550239== total heap usage: 1 allocs, 2 frees, 10 bytes allocated ==550239== ==550239== All heap blocks were freed -- no leaks are possible ==550239== ==550239== For lists of detected and suppressed errors, rerun with: -s ==550239== ERROR SUMMARY: 2 errors from 2 contexts (suppressed: 0 from 0)
分析:
1、每一行开头的数字代表是进程ID,这里的进程ID为550239
2、==550239== Invalid write of size 1
==550239== at 0x400639: main (malloc6.c:16)
这一行显示这里有一个错误,就是发生非法写操作, 所以就会显示 Invalid write 的错误,代码在malloc6.c的第16行
3、==550239== Invalid free() / delete / delete[] / realloc()
==550239== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755)
==550239== by 0x400647: main (malloc6.c:18)
==550239== Address 0x520b040 is 0 bytes inside a block of size 10 free'd
==550239== at 0x4C38A03: free (vg_replace_malloc.c:755)
==550239== by 0x400630: main (malloc6.c:14)
这五行显示的是第二个错误出现的位置,指针p和pt指向的是同一块内存,却被先后释放两次。系统会在堆上维护一个动态内存链表,如果被释放,就意味着该块内存可以继续被分配给其他部分,如果内存被释放后再访问,就可能覆盖其他部分的信息,这是一种严重的错误,上述程序第16行中就在释放后仍然写这块内存。
总结:
1.申请内存在使用完成后就要释放。如果没有释放,或少释放了就是内存泄露;多释放也会产生问题。
2.注意数组的大小,别越界读写访问非法内存
3.malloc和new要对应free和delete使用。
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