回顾
上篇文章我们学习了IO相关的知识,今天我们来聊聊基于IO复用模型的Reactor的实现及原理。
一、什么是Reactor
在处理web请求时,通常有两种体系结构,分别是:thread-based architecture(基于线程)和 event-driven architecture(事件驱动)。
1.1 thread-based architecture
基于线程的体系结构,通常使用多线程来处理客户端请求,每当收到一个客户端请求,就创建一个线程处理该请求。这种设计思路很简单,但是有一个致命的缺陷,就是只使用于并发量不大的场景下。因为线程需要占用内存和CPU资源,且操作系统在线程之间切换也有一定的开销,当线程数量达到一定数量后,该web服务可能就“疲于奔命”了。
基于线程的服务端代码示例:
#include <stdio.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/types.h> #include <netinet/in.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <pthread.h> #define BUFFER_LENGTH 128 // thread --> fd void *routine(void *arg) { int clientfd = *(int *)arg; while (1) { unsigned char buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH] = {0}; int ret = recv(clientfd, buffer, BUFFER_LENGTH, 0); if (ret == 0) { close(clientfd); break; } printf("buffer : %s, ret: %d\n", buffer, ret); ret = send(clientfd, buffer, ret, 0); // } } int main() { // 创建监听fd int listenfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); // if (listenfd == -1) return -1; struct sockaddr_in servaddr; servaddr.sin_family = AF_INET; servaddr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); servaddr.sin_port = htons(9999); // 绑定 if (-1 == bind(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&servaddr, sizeof(servaddr))) { return -2; } // 设置listenfd为非阻塞模式 // int flag = fcntl(listenfd, F_GETFL, 0); // flag |= O_NONBLOCK; // fcntl(listenfd, F_SETFL, flag); listen(listenfd, 10); // 默认listenfd为阻塞模式 while (1) { struct sockaddr_in client; socklen_t len = sizeof(client); // 阻塞等待客户端连接上来 int clientfd = accept(listenfd, (struct sockaddr*)&client, &len); pthread_t threadid; // 为连接上来的客户端fd,创建线程,并叫该客户端fd作为参数传入,线程处理函数 pthread_create(&threadid, NULL, routine, &clientfd); } return 0; }
1.2 event-driven architecture,事件驱动
事件驱动体系结构是目前使用较为广泛的一种。这种方式会定义一系列事件处理器来响应对应的事件,在服务端做到连接处理和事件处理分离。
Reactor就是event-driven architecture的一种实现方式,处理多个客户端向服务端发送请求的场景。Reactor会解耦并发请求,并分发到对应的时间处理器去处理。目前,许多流行的开源框架都用到了reactor模式,如Redis、netty、nginx等等。
Reactor主要由以下几个角色构成:
- 文件描述符(Linux,在windows环境下叫句柄):发生在 fd 上的事件可以有:连接、读事件和写事件。
- 同步事件分离器:本质上是系统调用,如:Linux中的select、poll和epoll。
- 初始分发器:当select、poll或epoll 检测到 fd 有事件发生时,会调用特定的回调函数。
- 事件处理器:通常会定义一些回调函数。fd 上有事件发生,执行对应的回调函数。
代码示例
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> #include <sys/socket.h> #include <sys/epoll.h> #include <arpa/inet.h> #include <fcntl.h> #include <unistd.h> #include <errno.h> #include <time.h> #define BUFFER_LENGTH 4096 #define MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS 1024 #define SERVER_PORT 8888 #define PORT_COUNT 1 typedef int NCALLBACK(int ,int, void*); int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg); int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg); struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd); struct ntyevent { int fd; int events; void *arg; int (*callback)(int fd, int events, void *arg); int status; char buffer[BUFFER_LENGTH]; int length; long last_active; }; struct eventblock { struct eventblock *next; struct ntyevent *events; }; struct ntyreactor { int epfd; int blkcnt; struct eventblock *evblk; //fd --> 100w }; // 初始化ntyevent对象(设置fd,绑定回调,给回调传参等) void nty_event_set(struct ntyevent *ev, int fd, NCALLBACK callback, void *arg) { ev->fd = fd; ev->callback = callback; ev->events = 0; ev->arg = arg; ev->last_active = time(NULL); return ; } int nty_event_add(int epfd, int events, struct ntyevent *ev) { struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}}; ep_ev.data.ptr = ev; ep_ev.events = ev->events = events; int op; if (ev->status == 1) { op = EPOLL_CTL_MOD; } else { op = EPOLL_CTL_ADD; ev->status = 1; } if (epoll_ctl(epfd, op, ev->fd, &ep_ev) < 0) { printf("event add failed [fd=%d], events[%d]\n", ev->fd, events); return -1; } return 0; } // 将ntyevent对象从 epoll集合中删除 int nty_event_del(int epfd, struct ntyevent *ev) { struct epoll_event ep_ev = {0, {0}}; if (ev->status != 1) { return -1; } ep_ev.data.ptr = ev; ev->status = 0; epoll_ctl(epfd, EPOLL_CTL_DEL, ev->fd, &ep_ev); return 0; } int recv_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) { struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg; struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd); int len = recv(fd, ev->buffer, BUFFER_LENGTH , 0); // nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev); // 删除该对象的读事件 if (len > 0) { ev->length = len; ev->buffer[len] = '\0'; printf("C[%d]:%s\n", fd, ev->buffer) nty_event_set(ev, fd, send_cb, reactor); nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLOUT, ev); // 加入该对象的写事件 } else if (len == 0) { close(ev->fd); //printf("[fd=%d] pos[%ld], closed\n", fd, ev-reactor->events); } else { close(ev->fd); printf("recv[fd=%d] error[%d]:%s\n", fd, errno, strerror(errno)); } return len; } int send_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) { struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg; struct ntyevent *ev = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, fd); // 填充完数据返回给客户端 int len = send(fd, ev->buffer, ev->length, 0); if (len > 0) { printf("send[fd=%d], [%d]%s\n", fd, len, ev->buffer); nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev); // 删除写事件 nty_event_set(ev, fd, recv_cb, reactor); nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, ev); // 加入读事件 } else { close(ev->fd); nty_event_del(reactor->epfd, ev); printf("send[fd=%d] error %s\n", fd, strerror(errno)); } return len; } // 将连接上来的client fd,创建ntyevent对象,并绑定recv_cb,加入到epoll集合 int accept_cb(int fd, int events, void *arg) { struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)arg; if (reactor == NULL) return -1; struct sockaddr_in client_addr; socklen_t len = sizeof(client_addr); int clientfd; if ((clientfd = accept(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&client_addr, &len)) == -1) { if (errno != EAGAIN && errno != EINTR) { } printf("accept: %s\n", strerror(errno)); return -1; } // int flag = 0; // if ((flag = fcntl(clientfd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK)) < 0) { // printf("%s: fcntl nonblocking failed, %d\n", __func__, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS); // return -1; // } struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, clientfd); nty_event_set(event, clientfd, recv_cb, reactor); nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event); printf("new connect [%s:%d], pos[%d]\n", inet_ntoa(client_addr.sin_addr), ntohs(client_addr.sin_port), clientfd); return 0; } int init_sock(short port) { int fd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0); fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, O_NONBLOCK); struct sockaddr_in server_addr; memset(&server_addr, 0, sizeof(server_addr)); server_addr.sin_family = AF_INET; server_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = htonl(INADDR_ANY); server_addr.sin_port = htons(port); bind(fd, (struct sockaddr*)&server_addr, sizeof(server_addr)); if (listen(fd, 20) < 0) { printf("listen failed : %s\n", strerror(errno)); } return fd; } int ntyreactor_alloc(struct ntyreactor *reactor) { if (reactor == NULL) return -1; if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1; struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk; while (blk->next != NULL) { blk = blk->next; } struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent)); if (evs == NULL) { printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n"); return -2; } memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent)); struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock)); if (block == NULL) { printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n"); return -2; } memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock)); block->events = evs; block->next = NULL; blk->next = block; reactor->blkcnt ++; // return 0; } struct ntyevent *ntyreactor_idx(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd) { int blkidx = sockfd / MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS; while (blkidx >= reactor->blkcnt) { ntyreactor_alloc(reactor); } struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk; int i = 0; while(i ++ < blkidx && blk != NULL) { blk = blk->next; } return &blk->events[sockfd % MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS]; } int ntyreactor_init(struct ntyreactor *reactor) { if (reactor == NULL) return -1; memset(reactor, 0, sizeof(struct ntyreactor)); // 1. 创建epoll fd reactor->epfd = epoll_create(1); if (reactor->epfd <= 0) { printf("create epfd in %s err %s\n", __func__, strerror(errno)); return -2; } // 2.创建一个event对象 struct ntyevent *evs = (struct ntyevent*)malloc((MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent)); if (evs == NULL) { printf("ntyreactor_alloc ntyevents failed\n"); return -2; } memset(evs, 0, (MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS) * sizeof(struct ntyevent)); // 3.初始化链表第一个block struct eventblock *block = (struct eventblock *)malloc(sizeof(struct eventblock)); if (block == NULL) { printf("ntyreactor_alloc eventblock failed\n"); return -2; } memset(block, 0, sizeof(struct eventblock)); block->events = evs; block->next = NULL; reactor->evblk = block; reactor->blkcnt = 1; return 0; } int ntyreactor_destory(struct ntyreactor *reactor) { close(reactor->epfd); //free(reactor->events); struct eventblock *blk = reactor->evblk; struct eventblock *blk_next = NULL; while (blk != NULL) { blk_next = blk->next; free(blk->events); free(blk); blk = blk_next; } return 0; } // 将多个服务器socket,加入到epoll集合, int ntyreactor_addlistener(struct ntyreactor *reactor, int sockfd, NCALLBACK *acceptor) { if (reactor == NULL) return -1; if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1; //reactor->evblk->events[sockfd]; struct ntyevent *event = ntyreactor_idx(reactor, sockfd); nty_event_set(event, sockfd, acceptor, reactor); nty_event_add(reactor->epfd, EPOLLIN, event); return 0; } int ntyreactor_run(struct ntyreactor *reactor) { if (reactor == NULL) return -1; if (reactor->epfd < 0) return -1; if (reactor->evblk == NULL) return -1; struct epoll_event events[MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS+1]; int checkpos = 0, i; while (1) { int nready = epoll_wait(reactor->epfd, events, MAX_EPOLL_EVENTS, -1); if (nready < 0) { printf("epoll_wait error, exit\n"); continue; } for (i = 0;i < nready;i ++) { struct ntyevent *ev = (struct ntyevent*)events[i].data.ptr; printf("current ready fd = %d\n", ev->fd); // 回调函数在这里被调用 if ((events[i].events & EPOLLIN) && (ev->events & EPOLLIN)) { ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg); } if ((events[i].events & EPOLLOUT) && (ev->events & EPOLLOUT)) { ev->callback(ev->fd, events[i].events, ev->arg); } } } } // 3, 6w, 1, 100 == // <remoteip, remoteport, localip, localport> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { unsigned short port = SERVER_PORT; // listen 8888 if (argc == 2) { port = atoi(argv[1]); } struct ntyreactor *reactor = (struct ntyreactor*)malloc(sizeof(struct ntyreactor)); ntyreactor_init(reactor); int i = 0; int sockfds[PORT_COUNT] = {0}; for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) { sockfds[i] = init_sock(port+i); printf("listen fd = %d\n", sockfds[i]); ntyreactor_addlistener(reactor, sockfds[i], accept_cb); } ntyreactor_run(reactor); ntyreactor_destory(reactor); for (i = 0;i < PORT_COUNT;i ++) { close(sockfds[i]); } free(reactor); return 0; }
文章参考于<零声教育>的C/C++linux服务期高级架构。